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Transparent Methods Material Zinc foil, tin foil, aluminum foil, graphite foil, graphene, carbon nanotubes, carbon black, Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) , and N-Methyl pyrrolidone (NMP) were purchased from Aladdin reagent official website. Tetramethylammonium chloride was purchased from Tianjin Damao Chemical Reagent Factory. Preparation of C electrode Carbon materials (carbon black, carbon nanotubes, graphene) and PVDF with a mass ratio of 8:2 were weighed. Then the mixture is added to the solvent of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone to form a uniform slurry, which was spread evenly on a graphite foil (2.5 cm×2.5 cm), and then was dried in a vacuum oven at 70 °C for 5 h. Electrochemical measurements Electrochemical measurements were performed with soft pack battery. The full cells were assembled by using the prepared C carbon electrode (2.5 cm×2.5 cm) as the cathode, a zinc metal foil as the anode, a polyolefin microporous membrane as separator, and the saturated solutions of tetramethylammonium chloride was used as electrolyte. The galvanostatic charge-discharge tests were conducted on a BTS4000 battery program-control test system at room temperature. The discharged capacity of the battery is based on the the total mass of cathode active material. The three-electrode devices for cathode consists of carbon rod as working, Pt as the counter and Hg/HgCl2 as the reference electrode, respectively. Material characterization Powder XRD patterns were collected on a X-ray diffractometer (D/Max 2400, Japan) with Cu Kα radiation (λ = 0.15406 nm). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectrum was recorded with a NICOLET 6700 FT-IR Spectrometer using KBr pellets. XPS was tested on a Thermo ESCALAB XI+ equipped with a hemispherical analyzer. The microstructure and morphology of graphene was characterized by a transmission electron microscope (TEM, JEM-1200EX 120KV).PDF Image | aqueous chlorine ion battery
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