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CHLORINE BASICS 23 Containers exposed to fire should be isolated and the supplier should be contacted as soon as possible. 5.4 RELEASES 5.4.1 General Chlorine facilities should be designed and operated so that the risk of a chlorine release into the environment is minimized. However, accidental releases and leaks of chlorine may occur. The overall effects of such releases must be considered. 5.4.2 Detection of Minor Releases and Leaks A plastic squeeze bottle containing 26° Baumé (30 wt.%) aqua ammonia can be used to detect a minor release or leak. If ammonia vapor is directed at a leak, a white cloud will form indicating the source of the leak. If a wash bottle is used, the dip tube should be cut off so that squeezing the bottle directs vapor, not liquid, out of the nozzle. Avoid contact of aqua ammonia with brass or copper. Portable electronic chlorine monitors can also be used to detect leaks. If a leak occurs from equipment or piping, the chlorine supply should be shut off, the pressure relieved and necessary repairs made. Leaks around shipping container valve stems usually can be stopped by tightening the packing gland. If such tightening does not stop the leak, the container valve should be closed. Leaks at the packing nut will always stop when the valve is closed. See CI Pamphlet 66 (11.1). If simple corrective measures are not sufficient, the appropriate Chlorine Institute Emergency Kit should be applied or the cylinder should be placed in a recovery vessel designed to contain the leak, and the chlorine supplier notified (see Section 5.8). 5.4.3 Area Affected The area affected by a chlorine release and the duration of the exposure depend upon the total quantity released, the rate of release, the height of the release point and weather conditions, as well as the physical form of the chlorine being released. These factors are difficult to evaluate in an emergency situation. Chlorine downwind can vary from barely detectable to high concentrations. CI Pamphlet 74 (11.1) provides information on the area affected by specific chlorine release scenarios. 5.4.4 Physical Form of the Chlorine Released Typically, chlorine is stored and transported as a liquid under pressure. Liquid chlorine expands in volume by nearly 460 times when it vaporizes; therefore, a liquid chlorine leak can have significantly greater downwind effect than a gaseous chlorine leak. During a release, chlorine can escape as a gas, a liquid, or both. When pressurized liquid or gas is released from a container, the temperature and pressure inside the container will decrease thus reducing the release rate.PDF Image | Chlorine Basics 8
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