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ABSTRACT The zinc-chlorine battery system is presently under development as a peak-shaving energy-storage device for the electric-utility industry. The technical feasibility of this battery system for the peak-shaving application was confirmed in an earlier program, RP226-1. A subsequent program, RP226-2, resulted in: (a) a successful demonstration of an 18-kWh breadboard system; and (b) preparation of two conceptual designs of a 100-MWh (20MW) zine-chlorine battery plant. Cost analyses for the two conceptual designs indicated that these battery plants, located at utility substa tions, would be highly competitive with combustion turbines from an electricity-cost standpoint. The two principal thrusts of this follow-on program. Phase I of RP226-3, were: (1) preparation and analysis of a new 100-MWh plant design; and (2) design, fabrication, and initial testing of a 45-Wh battery module—the basic unit of the new 100-MWh plant design. Development programs on electrode research, electrolyte optimization, cell design, battery-perfomance verification, and low-cost materials and processes were conducted in support of these objectives. A new conceptual design of a 100-MWh battery plant located at a utility substation was prepared. This design, designated Mark 4, is based on the concept of fully- integrated zinc-chlorine hydrate battery modules, i.e. each module contains not only the battery stack but also chlorine-hydrate formation, storage, and decomposition equipment. The battery plant comprises thirty-six independent strings— each string consisting of 44 series-connected 66-kWh battery modules. A conceptual manufacturing plan for a production rate of 100 battery modules per day was prepared. The installed cost of the 100-MWh battery plant was estimated to be $26/kWh plus $91/kW (1977 $) . The safety, environmental, and legal aspects of siting 100-MWh zinc-chlorine battery plants at substations in residential areas were also analyzed. The Mark 4 design is judged to be optimal in the areas of performance, safety, and manufacturability, while comparing favorably in cost and reliability to earlier designs. The Mark 4 module prototype was designed, fabricated, assembled, and tested during Phase I. The 45-kWh module, which performed well as a system, delivered in excess of the design level for dc energy output. However, the efficiency, at 50%, was lower than the design target of 63%. The two major contributors to the reduced efficiency iiiPDF Image | Development of the Zinc-Chlorine Battery for Utility
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