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Subsequent cycling of the battery showed no significant increase in electrochemical energy efficiency. However, dendrite formation on charge was substantially decreased, and the appearance of dendrites was delayed. Dendrites were now being detected at 1150 Ah, whereas, before the stack rebuild, dendrites were detected between 900 and 1000 Ah. This allowed for delivered energies of 18kWh to be achieved. As a result of the minimal improvements in the battery1s performance, unit cell 8R was re-examined in terms of its vastly improved performance during the earlier cell modifications. The major changes in this cell were the replacement of some of the chlorine electrodes, and a new bus bar which provided an interference fit connection of the chlorine electrodes to the bus. In order to evaluate these changes separately, all of the chlorine electrodes in cell 1R were replaced with new ones, and the ori ginal chlorine electrodes in cell 2R were re-connected to use an interference fit. Several subsequent battery cycles showed significant coulombic improvement in cell 1R, as well as voltaic improvement. However, no noticeable improvement was found in cell 2R. The improvement seen in cells 1R and 8R imply degradation of the chlo rine electrodes in the 20kWh battery. The electrochemical performance of the battery during the initial testing in December, 1976, was quite good, but this could not be repeated in any of the later months. Consequently, the damage, if any, to the chlorine electrodes must have occurred in December. During the month of December, 1976, high rates of hydrogen evolution were experienced. This caused the pH of the electrolyte to rise over 1 on discharge, and as high as 1.76. Later experiments have shown that at a temperature of 50°C and a pH greater than 1, damage to the chlorine electrodes will occur. Evidence of this was seen in the amounts of particulate graphite in the electrolyte. The reason for the unexpected rate of hydrogen evolution was thought at the time to be caused by the grade of potassium chloride used to support the electrolyte. However, recent experimentation has indicated that the hydrogen evolution also may be related to the activation process. 20kWh SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT Hardware Modifications The goal in this phase of the refurbishment program was to simplify the operation of the system. With the emphasis on stack design, all subsystems not essential to 23-7PDF Image | Development of the Zinc-Chlorine Battery for Utility
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