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On the other hand, submodule #3 offered low usable coulombic efficiencies. There was found to be considerable variation in performance between the individual unit cells in this assembly. One cell was completely used up only halfway through the discharge cycle. This unexpected early loss of zinc was found to be caused by low charge efficiencies. Charge efficiencies were investigated by an analysis of the actual weight of zinc deposited throughout the submodule at full charge. This in vestigation is reported in a following subsection. In summary it can be said here that there was found to be considerable difference in the weight of zinc stripped from various unit cells, although the distribution of weight within the unit cells was observed to be quite uniform. In an effort to improve the efficiency of submodule #3,it was modified in two dif ferent ways. First the positions of substandard unit cells was exchanged with those that operated well. The performance of a unit cell was found not to be asso ciated with its location — it performed the same no matter where installed. Next, three substandard unit cells were removed and replaced with new comb elements. The average usable coulombic efficiency was raised to 62% with a corresponding increase in energy efficiency to 51% average. This was still below the performance levels of submodule #2. Effects of Temperature and Pressure During charge of a ZnCl2 battery, molecular chlorine is formed at the chlorine elec trode. Much of this becomes dissolved in the electrolyte surrounding the stack structure. This dissolved chlorine is then able to attack the metallic zinc plating out at the zinc electrode. The metal thus dissolved is no longer available for electrochemical reaction during the discharge cycle. This results in coulombic losses, reduces the usable energy efficiency of the battery, and leads to interest in the chlorine concentration in electrolytes. For any given electrolyte formulation, the concentration of dissolved chlorine in the liquid can be lessened by increasing the temperature or reducing the partial pressure of chlorine in the gas phase. Figure 24-9 is a plot of experimental data illustrating the effects of these temperature and pressure parameters. This data was obtained during special charge cycles of the 8.3kWh submodule testing with a fundamental 3M ZnCl2 electrolyte. 24-13PDF Image | Development of the Zinc-Chlorine Battery for Utility
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