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across from them could not discharge as quickly as the ones that could get chlorine. This problem has not reoccurred. One hundred and eight cycling days were lost due to the failures. Almost six months elapsed during accumulation of these 100 cycles. There were seven electrolyte changes: one after 51 cycles (251-301) due to fluid exchange with store; after two cycles (302-303) due to fluid exchange; after no cycles (after 303) due to another fluid exchange; after 28 cycles (304-331) due co attempts to improve battery performance; after nine cycles (332-340) due to main electrolyte pump seal failure; after four (341-344) cycles, electrolyte too dilute after adding water; after 17 (345-361) cycles to improve performance (after deposits found)... Cycles 401-500 The average energy efficiency of these cycles was 62.3%. The standard deviation was 1.05. This is a smaller deviation than for the previous 200 cycles. There were fourteen failures during these 100 cycles (see Table 25-2). Five of these failures could be classified as routine auxiliary problems. Three of these failures were due to low energy efficiencies; there was no apparent reason for them. Five of these failures were due to miscellaneous problems in the controller, thought to be due to electrical noise getting into system. Only one cycling day was lost (Figure 25-8). This was due to failure #21. Approximately two months elapsed during accumulation of these 100 cycles. There were two electrolyte changes: one after 100 cycles (362-461) due to suspected electrolyte contamination; one after 17 cycles (462-478) due to unexplained variations in electrolyte composition. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS The 1.7kWh battery, constructed according to a very early monopolar-comb design, represents the first entry of porous-graphite chlorine electrodes into the EDA peak shaving battery program. Even though there are known deficiencies in the design, this stack has developed into a consistent and reliable performer. After some eighteen months of continuous charge/discharge cycling following the expected peak shaving regime, the battery continues to operate at full-charge capacity (220 amperes for 5 hours). It discharges normally, delivering an average of 1.6kWh. The average round-trip usable energy efficiency developed for all 446 complete cycles is close 25-14PDF Image | Development of the Zinc-Chlorine Battery for Utility
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