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relationships still held, the rate of graphite consumption would be a factor of 1000 less at this pH (relative to a pH of 3). The lower temperature of operation for the zinc-chlorine battery also serves to lessen the rate of attack on the graphite substrate. In recent experimentation by EDA, an approximate doubling of CO^ evolution rate in batteries was observed for a 10°C rise in the range 25-50°C. Thus a reduction in the rate of graphite con- 48 sumption of between 2 and 2 may be anticipated for the battery (relative to a diaphragm cell) based on these temperature effects. The effect of a relatively lower current density in the zinc-chlorine battery on the rate of graphite consumption cannot be estimated even by approximation as was done for the pH and the temperature. Decreased overvoltages, due to a factor of four to six lowering of the current density, are also a factor in the significantly lower consumption rate. Another factor which must be considered is the anolyte chloride-ion concentration. In a zinc-chlorine battery without supporting electrolyte this is likely to range between 6M chloride ion (fully discharged) and 1M chloride ion (fully charged). As the rate of graphite consumption in a diaphragm cell has been shown to be direct- -4 ly proportional to 1/[C1 ] , this concentration swing could result in a thousandfold acceleration of the consumption rate through battery charging, if a similar mechan ism were in operation. The addition of supporting electrolytes would significantly reduce this effect. Manifestation of Electrode Corrosion in the Battery System* • Corrosion in the zinc-chlorine battery system manifests itself in two ways: • Carbon oxides - mainly CO^ - are present in the gas phase. • Carbonaceous debris may be present (noticed upon visual inspection). Although all graphite components, and possibly even Kynar to some extent, contribute to their formation and presence, the porous-graphite chlorine-electrode is the primary source. Monitoring of the gas phase by gas chromatography is a relatively straightforward matter. An evaluation of debris is another, more complicated matter. Its presence cannot be refuted. Note that the amount present in a well worked continuously 28-3PDF Image | Development of the Zinc-Chlorine Battery for Utility
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