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Fig. 1. Schematics of electrolyzed water generator and produced compounds. hydroxide in the diluted salt solution move to the anode to give up electrons and become oxygen gas, chlorine gas, hypochlorite ion, hypochlorous acid and hydrochloric acid, while positively charged ions such as hydrogen and sodium move to the cathode to take up electrons and become hydrogen gas and sodium hydroxide (Hsu, 2005). Two types of water are produced simultaneously. EO water, with low pH (2.3–2.7), high oxidation–reduction potential (ORP, >1000 mV), high dissolved oxygen and contains free chlorine (concentration depends on the EO water machine setting), is produced from anode side. However, electro- lyzed reduced (ER) water, with high pH (10.0–11.5), high dissolved hydrogen, and low ORP (800 to 900 mV), is produced from the cathode side. ER water with strong reducing potential can be used to remove dirt and grease from items such as cutting boards and other kitchen uten- sils (Hsu, 2005). The principle of producing electrolyzed water is shown in the Fig. 1 with the following: Positivepole : 2H2O ! 4Hþ þ O2 " þ4e 2NaCl ! Cl2 " þ2e þ 2Naþ Cl2 þH2O!HClþHOCl Negativepole : 2H2O þ 2e ! 2OH þ H2 " 2NaCl þ 2OH ! 2NaOH þ Cl 3. Systems for generation of electrolyzed water Commercial EO water generators can be divided into three major types based on their automatic control sys- tems. The first type of EO water generators, made by the ARVÒ and the AmanoÒ companies, allows the users to select brine flow rate while the machines adjust voltages and/or amperages automatically. The second type of EO water generators, made by the HoshizakiÒ Company, allows the users to select amperages and/or voltages, while the machines change brine flow rate accordingly. The third type of EO water generators, made by the ToyoÒ and the Nippon IntekÒ companies, allows the users to select a pre- set chlorine concentration level of EO water from a display panel and the machines change brine flow rate and amper- ages and/or voltages automatically (Hsu, 2003). Hsu (2003) investigated relationship among water flow rate, water temperature and salt concentration on electrol- ysis efficiency, and separation efficiency of an EO water generator. He made following conclusions: (1) electric potential (7.9–15.7 V) and power consumption (16– 120 W) of electrolysis cell were not affected by water flow rate, water temperature or salt concentration in the feed solution; (2) electric current changed with water tempera- ture and water flow rate; and (3) electrolysis efficiency of the electrolysis cell and separation efficiency of the ion exchange membrane were significantly decreased by the increases in water flow rate and salt concentration in the feed solution. Later, Hsu (2005) also reported that ORP decreased with increases in water follow rate and free chlo- rine increased with increases of salt concentration and decrease of water flow rate. 4. The advantages and disadvantages of EO water The main advantage of EO water is its safety. EO water which is also a strong acid, is different to hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid in that it is not corrosive to skin, mucous membrane, or organic material. On the other hand, sodium hypochlorite was proved to have a strong toxicity, such as skin irritation, membrane irritation, acute toxicity, and so on (Mori et al., 1997; Sekiya, Ohmori, & Harii, 1997; Shigeto et al., 2000). Currently used hatchery sanitizersPDF Image | electrolyzed water in the food industry ROC
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