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Contents List of Figures ............................................................................................................................................... iii List of Tables................................................................................................................................................. iii 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................................ 1 2. Energy Use in the Chemical Industry......................................................................................................... 1 2.1 Industrial organic chemicals, not elswhere classified (SIC 2869) ........................................................ 3 2.2 Industrial inorganic chemicals, not elsewhere classified (SIC 2819) ................................................... 4 2.3 Plastic Materials and Resins (SIC 2821) .............................................................................................. 4 2.4 Industrial Gases (SIC 2813) ................................................................................................................. 5 2.5 Nitrogenous Fertilizers (SIC 2873) ...................................................................................................... 5 2.6 Alkalies and Chlorine (SIC 2812) ........................................................................................................ 5 2.7 Summary of Energy Use for Key Chemicals........................................................................................ 6 3. The Ethylene and Petrochemical Industry.................................................................................................. 7 3.2. Process Description ............................................................................................................................. 7 3.2 The U.S. Petrochemical Industry.......................................................................................................... 8 3.3 Energy Use and Intensity in the U.S. Petrochemical Industry............................................................ 12 4. The Ammonia and Nitrogenous Fertilizer Industry.................................................................................. 17 4.1 Process Description ............................................................................................................................ 17 4.2 Characterization of the U.S. Ammonia Industry ................................................................................ 18 4.3 Energy Use and Intensity in the U.S. Ammonia Industry................................................................... 19 5. The Chlorine Industry............................................................................................................................... 22 5.1 Chlorine manufacturing Processes...................................................................................................... 22 5.2 The U.S. Chlorine Industry................................................................................................................. 23 5.3 Energy Use and Energy Intensity of Chlorine Making....................................................................... 23 6. Discussion and Conclusions ..................................................................................................................... 25 7. References ................................................................................................................................................ 27 List of Figures Figure 1. Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Energy Use, and Value Added for U.S. Chemicals, 1985-1994.. 2 Figure 2. Share of Primary Energy Use, Shipments, Value Added, Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emissions, for Selected U.S. Chemicals Subsectors, 1994. ........................................................................................... 3 Figure 3. Process routes for the production of ethylene and its co-products .................................................. 8 Figure 4. Historical production rates of major petrochemicals in the U.S.................................................... 10 Figure 5. The relative performance of the US ethylene plants. .................................................................... 13 Figure 6. Historical U.S. production of ammonia, and some major fertilizers, expressed in 1000 metric tonnes of Nitrogen. ............................................................................................................................... 19 Figure 7. Simplified Chlorine Production Flow Chart................................................................................. 22 Figure 8. Age of U.S. Chlorine Plants .......................................................................................................... 23 List of Tables Table 1. Primary Energy Use (excluding feedstocks), Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emissions from Energy Use, and Value Added for U.S. Chemicals and U.S. Manufacturing in 1994 ................................................ 2 Table 2. Primary Energy Use, Shipments, Value Added, Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emissions, for Selected U.S. Chemicals Subsectors in 1994........................................................................................................ 3 Table 3. Energy Requirements for Plastics Production (GJ/tonne) ................................................................ 4 Table 4. Average Annual Growth Rate of selected U.S. plastic products ...................................................... 5 Table 5. Energy Consumption for Chlorine production with Mercury, Diaphragm, and Membrane Cells (kWh/tonne and GJ/tonne) and estimated shares in the U.S. in 1994..................................................... 6 Table 6. 1994 Estimated U.S. Energy Consumption for Selected Key Chemicals......................................... 8 Table 8. The US ethylene capacity and feedstock input compared to other major producers ........................ 9 Table 9. Estimated feedstock input for the U.S. and total world ethylene production capacity in 1995 (as % of ethylene capacity)............................................................................................................................... 9 Table 10. Cash margins for ethylene production for different feedstocks during August 1998 ................... 11 Table 11. The energy efficiency index for several regions according to the Solomon survey ..................... 14 Table 12. Detailed breakdown of energy consumption in ethane cracking. ................................................. 14 iiiPDF Image | Energy use and energy intensity
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