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Table 7. Influence of feedstock on steam cracker yield1 (weight %) (Chauvel and Lefebvre, 1989) Product Feedstock Ethane Propane Butane Naphtha Atmospheric gas Vacuum oil gas oil Hydrogen 9222 1 1 (95% purity) Methane 6 28 22 17 Ethylene 78 42 40 34 Propylene 3 17 17 16 Butadiene 2345 5 5 Fueloil - 1 2 5 18 25 Note 1 These values are obtained at high severity and with recycling of unconverted ethane/propane streams Figure 3. Process routes for the production of ethylene and its co-products (Phylipsen et al., 1998). If ethane is used as feedstock, almost no propylene, butadiene and aromatics are formed as by- products. Therefore, other processes are used for producing these chemicals in countries that predominantly use ethane cracking. In the U.S. propylene is also retrieved from refinery fractions (resulting from fluid catalytic cracking or hydro cracking). Another possibility is catalytic dehydrogenation of propane, but the share of this process is negligible at this moment. Aromatics (such as benzene, toluene and xylenes, or BTX) are usually produced by hydrogenation and desulphurisation of pyrolysis gasoline, after which the different components are separated by solvent/solvent extraction. Another route for BTX production is catalytic reforming of naphtha, followed by extraction of individual compounds out of the reformate. Furthermore benzene can be produced by hydro-de-alkylation of toluene. The different routes for petrochemicals production are shown in Figure 3. 11 9 26 21 16 14 Pyrolysis gasoline Of which: - Benzene - toluene 2 2 0 7 3 1 7 3 1 19 7 3 18 6 3 19 4 3 8 1PDF Image | Energy use and energy intensity
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