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Enhanced chlorine evolution from dimensionally stable anode by heterojunction with Ti and Bi based mixed metal oxide layers prepared from nanoparticle slurry SRRCS (mmol cm −2 )= Vd[ClDPD ] Adt CERCS (%) = 2V Fd[ClDPD ] Idt EERCS (mmol Wh −1 ) = Vd[ClDPD ] EIdt (7) (8) (9) where V is electrolyte volume (0.06 L), F is Faraday constant (96485.3 C mol−1), [ClDPD] is the concentration of RCS (M), t is electrolysis time (s), A is electrode surface area (cm2), E is cell voltage (V) and I is current (A). In order to assess the roles of >MOx(·OH) on RCS generation, formate ion was employed as the ·OH probe compound. The potentiostatic electrolysis of 50 mM NaCOOH solutions was performed for 2 h at Ea 2.0 or 2.5 V NHE. The [HCOO–] of samples were periodically quantified by ion chromatography (IC, Dionex, USA) with an anion-exchange column (Ionpac AS 19). 3. Results and discussion 3.1. Physico-chemical characteristics of (Bi2O3)x(TiO2)1−x heterojunction layers For the heterojunction electrodes, the underlying IrTaOy layer was synthesized using an organic solvent (ethanol/isopropanol solutions), due to more uniform surface coverage and moderately greater electrochemically active surface area (ECSA) than analogous from hydrochloric acid solvents (Figure S1 and S2). SEM images in Figure S3 show the horizontal surface morphology of the (Bi2O3)x(TiO2)1−x heterojunction anodes with variable molar ratios of Ti to Bi and catalysts loading (thickness). Cross- sectional SEM images estimated the average thickness of (TiO2)-L and (TiO2)-H to be ca. 2 and 5 μm, respectively. (TiO2)-H and -L showed marginal numbers of crack and pinhole that are typically observed for thermally decomposed (mixed) metal oxide electrodes. Since P60 TiO2 nanoparticles already underwent annealing, further thermal expansion of the crystalline TiO2 particles could be limited, while the aggregation of nanoparticles would alleviate the topological distortion. For samples with added Bi2O3 particles in precursor solutions, discrete islands of bismuth oxide scattered on the surface were noted. EDS mapping in Figure S3g-h clearly identified the immobilized particles (diameter ~ 1 μm) to be Bi2O3. In the absence of Bi mixing ((TiO2)-L and -H), the primary XRD peaks in Fig. 1 (individual patterns in Figure S4) commonly involved standard patterns of anatase TiO2 (2θ = 25.2, 37.7, and 47.9°) and less prominently of rutile TiO2 (2θ = 27.5, 36.1, and 54.4°), being in compatible with the composition of precursory TiO2 particles (92:8 wt% of anatase:rutile for P60). A phase transition during the thermal annealing at 450 °C would be limited since transformation into the rutile structure is known to occur at a temperature normally exceeding 600 °C [16]. Negligible characteristic pattern of IrO2 (2θ = 34.7, 40, 54, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7539370/?report=printable[10/12/2020 8:49:16 AM]PDF Image | Enhanced chlorine evolution
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