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6 GREEN HYDROGEN COST REDUCTION FIGURES Figure 1. Figure 2. Figure 3. Figure 4. Figure 5. Figure 6. Figure 7. Figure 8. Figure 9. Figure 10. Figure 11. Figure 12. Figure 13. Figure 14. Figure 15. Figure 16. Figure 17. Figure 18. Figure 19. Figure 20. Figure 21. Figure 22. Figure 23. Figure 24. Figure 25. Figure 26. Figure 27. Hydrogen production cost as a function of investment, electricity price and operating hours. 18 Recent hydrogen policies and strategies. 20 Electrolyser capacity comparison between national strategies and IRENA’s scenarios for 2030. 22 Basic components of water electrolysers at different levels. 28 Challenges and technological breakthroughs for each of the generation of electrolysers. 29 Different types of commercially available electrolysis technologies. 31 Typical system design and balance of plant for an alkaline electrolyser. 34 Typical system design and balance of plant for a PEM electrolyser. 35 Typical system design and balance of plant for an AEM electrolyser. 36 Typical system design and balance of plant for a solid oxide electrolyser. 36 Energy losses for compression in a pressurized electrolyser as a function of delivery pressure and thickness of membrane. 37 Energy losses for the multi-stage mechanical compression of hydrogen. 38 Plot size for an alkaline 1-GW electrolyser plant (left) and for a 100-MW alkaline electrolyser from Thyssenkrupp (right) 41 Trade-offs between efficiency, durability and cost for electrolysers. 42 System schematic for green hydrogen production facility that includes electricity and hydrogen storage on site. 46 Power system services that can be provided by energy storage 48 Seasonality of hydrogen production in Europe in the IRENA global power system model for 2050 (based on the Transforming Energy Scenario). 48 Cost breakdown for a 1-MW PEM electrolyser, moving from full system, to stack, to CCM. 52 System components for a 1-MW PEM electrolyser classified based on contribution to total system cost and potential for cost reduction. 53 Cost breakdown for 1-MW alkaline electrolyser, moving from full system, to stack, to MEA. 54 System components for a 1-MW alkaline electrolyser classified based on contribution to total system cost and potential for cost reduction. 55 Relationship between voltage (the higher, the lower the efficiency) and current density (the higher, the higher the production volume) for various diaphragm thickness of alkaline electrolysers. 58 Global warming potential and cumulative energy demand for critical materials used in electrolysers. 67 Top producers of critical materials in electrolysers. 69 Cost breakdown by major component for alkaline electrolysers based on current costs. 71 Electrolyser investment cost as a function of module size for various technologies. 72 Cost breakdown for PEM electrolysers as a function of manufacturing scale (units of 1 MW per year). 74PDF Image | GREEN HYDROGEN SCALING UP ELECTROLYSERS
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