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SCALING UP ELECTROLYSERS TO MEET THE 1.5°C CLIMATE GOAL Figure ES2. 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0 2020 2025 2030 Cost of green hydrogen production as a function of electrolyser deployment, using an average (USD 65/MWh) and a low (USD 20/MWh) electricity price, constant over the period 2020-2050. Electrolyser cost in 2020: USD 1 000/kW Electrolyser cost in 2020: USD 650/kW Electrolyser cost in 2020: USD 1 000/kW Fossil fuel range Electrolyser cost in 2020: USD 650/kW Electricity price USD 65/MWh Electricity price USD 20/MWh Electrolyser cost in 2050: USD 307/kW @ 1 TW Installed capacity Electrolyser cost in 2050: USD 130/kW @ 5 TW installed capacity Electrolyser cost in 2050: USD 307/kW @ 1 TW Installed capacity Electrolyser cost in 2050: USD 130/kW @ 5 TW installed capacity 2035 2040 2045 2050 Note: Efficiency at nominal capacity is 65%, with a LHV of 51.2 kilowatt hour/kilogramme of hydrogen (kWh/kg H2) in 2020 and 76% (at an LHV of 43.8 kWh/kg H2) in 2050, a discount rate of 8% and a stack lifetime of 80 000 hours. The electrolyser investment cost for 2020 is USD 650-1000/kW. Electrolyser costs reach USD 130-307/kW as a result of 1-5 TW of capacity deployed by 2050. Based on IRENA analysis. Today’s cost and performance are not the same for all electrolyser technologies (see Table ES1). Alkaline and PEM electrolysers are the most advanced and already commercial, while each technology has its own competitive advantage. Alkaline electrolysers have the lowest installed cost, while PEM electrolysers have a much smaller footprint, combined with higher current density and output pressure. Meanwhile, solid oxide has the highest electrical efficiency. As the cell stack is only part of the electrolyser facility footprint, a reduced stack footprint of around 60% for PEM compared to alkaline translates into a 20%-24% reduction in the facility footprint, with an estimated footprint of 8 hectares (ha)-13 ha for a 1 GW facility using PEM, compared to 10 ha-17 ha using alkaline (ISPT, 2020). Gaps in cost and performance are expected to narrow over time as innovation and mass deployment of different electrolysis technologies drive convergence towards similar costs. The wide range in system costs is expected to remain, however, as this is very much dependent on the scale, application and scope of delivery. For instance, a containerised system inside an existing facility with existing power supply is significantly lower cost than a new building in a plot of land to be purchased, with complete water and electricity supply system to be included, high purity 11 Hydrogen cost (USD/kg H2)PDF Image | GREEN HYDROGEN SCALING UP ELECTROLYSERS
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