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Water electrolysers are electrochemical devices used to split water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen by passage of an electrical current. They can be fragmented in three levels (see Figure 4): The cell is the core of the electrolyser and it is where the electrochemical process takes place. It is composed of the two electrodes (anode and cathode) immersed in a liquid electrolyte or adjacent to a solid electrolyte membrane, two porous transport layers (which facilitate the transport of reactants and removal of products), and the bipolar plates that provide mechanical support and distribute the flow. The stack has a broader scope, which includes multiple cells connected in series, spacers (insulating material between two opposite electrodes), seals, frames (mechanical support) and end plates (to avoid leaks and collect fluids). The system level (or balance of plant) goes beyond the stack to include equipment for cooling, processing the hydrogen (e.g. for purity and compression), converting the electricity input (e.g. transformer and rectifier), treating the water supply (e.g. deionization) and gas output (e.g. of oxygen). Purified water is fed into the system using circulating pumps, or also by gravity. The water then reaches the electrodes by flowing through the bipolar plates and through the porous transport layers. At the electrode, the water is split into oxygen and hydrogen, with ions (typically H+ or OH-) crossing though a liquid or solid membrane electrolyte. The membrane or diaphragm between both electrodes is also responsible for keeping the produced gases (hydrogen and oxygen) separated and avoiding their mixture. This general principle has remained the same for centuries, but the technology has evolved since William Nicholson and Anthony Carlisle first developed it in 1800 (see Box 1). SCALING UP ELECTROLYSERS TO MEET THE 1.5°C CLIMATE GOAL 27PDF Image | GREEN HYDROGEN SCALING UP ELECTROLYSERS
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