PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 029
SCALING UP ELECTROLYSERS TO MEET THE 1.5°C CLIMATE GOAL 29 Box 1. A brief look at the historical development of electrolysers Electrolysers have been known for over two centuries. While the fundamental technology has remained the same (see Figure 5), different trends have affected its development, with these splitting the period into roughly five generations. 1st generation (1800-1950): Electrolysers were mainly used for ammonia production using hydropower (low-cost electricity). By 1900, there were more than 400 industrial electrolysers in operation (Santos, Sequeira and Figueiredo, 2013). Electrolysers were used in Norway, Peru, Zimbabwe and Egypt for this purpose. Alkaline electrolyser was the only technology used. They operated at atmospheric pressure, using concentrated corrosive basic solutions (e.g. potassium hydroxide [KOH]) and asbestos was used as gas separators (called diaphragms). Asbestos can pose large health hazards, but this was not known until late in the 20th century, when asbestos started to be replaced by other materials (such as ZIRFON®). While initially there were no good alternatives, composite zirconium oxide (ZrO2) separators became the trend from mid-century. At the end of this generation, in 1948, Lonza (later IHT) was the first company to introduce pressurized alkaline electrolyser systems. Electrolysers were also used for chlorine production, which uses the same electrochemical principle, but uses high concentrate sodium chloride in water as raw material and produces hydrogen as a by-product. This was an important application of electrolysis from the beginning of the 19th century.1 Figure 5. Challenges and technological breakthroughs for each of the generation of electrolysers. • Challenges: Industrialisation • Technology Breakthrough: Diaphragms replaced by membranes • Significance: Industrialisations of Electrolysers 1st gen 2nd gen 3rd gen 1800 Based on IRENA analysis. 4th gen 5th gen 1950 1980 2010 2020 2050 7 Poly-tetrafluoroethylene sulfonated (PFSA) based fluoropolymer-copolymer • Challenges: Cost • Technology Breakthrough: Redesign of over-complex systems • Significance: Industrialisation of PEM Electrolysers • Challenges: Efficiency, durability and cost • Technology Breakthrough: Novel materials • Significance: Gigawatt Electrolysis • Challenges: Power density • Technology Breakthrough: Polymeric Solid Electrolyte • Significance: Life-support applications (Space Programs) • Challenges: Size and cost • Technology Breakthrough: 1 MW larger stacks • Significance: Demonstration of large-scale applications (power to gas)PDF Image | GREEN HYDROGEN SCALING UP ELECTROLYSERS
PDF Search Title:
GREEN HYDROGEN SCALING UP ELECTROLYSERSOriginal File Name Searched:
IRENA_Green_hydrogen_cost_2020.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
Salgenx Redox Flow Battery Technology: Power up your energy storage game with Salgenx Salt Water Battery. With its advanced technology, the flow battery provides reliable, scalable, and sustainable energy storage for utility-scale projects. Upgrade to a Salgenx flow battery today and take control of your energy future.
CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@salgenx.com (Standard Web Page)