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Water can be transported to the anode side by the solvated species and charges. A mixing pipe is also installed between the anode and cathode water/gas separator to balance the OH- charges consumed/ produced along with the electrochemical reaction. Equipment around the electrolyser is affected by technology choice. There needs to be an integrated design for various components to achieve a low cost while satisfying demand requirements The requirement to balance the charges between anode and cathode makes the stack more challenging to operate at differential pressures, as in PEM. Nevertheless, pressurised operation is possible and available in designs with pressures as high as 200 bar. But such operations are made by keeping both sides of the stack (hydrogen and oxygen) at high pressure and contained in a high-pressure vessel. For the high-pressure configuration, more resistance cell frames and balance of plant (BoP) materials are needed, which impact on CAPEX. PEM systems are much simpler than alkaline. They typically require the use of circulation pumps, heat exchangers, pressure control and monitoring only at the anode (oxygen) side. At the cathode side, a gas-separator, a de-oxygenation component to remove remnant oxygen (typically not needed for differential pressure), gas dryer, and a final compressor step are required (see Figure 8). More importantly, PEM systems have more design choices: atmospheric, differential, and balanced pressure (design is fixed to a single one); reducing costs, system complexity, and maintenance. Under a balanced pressure operation, the anode and cathode are designed to run under the same pressure level. Atmospheric pressure operation (< 1 standard atmosphere [atm]) represents a case of constant pressure operation mode. The PEM membrane electrolyte allows for operation under differential pressure, typically 30 bar to 70 bar. This, however, requires a thicker membrane to improve the mechanical stability and decreases gas permeation, which reduces efficiency. It could also require an additional catalyst to re-convert any hydrogen, which, due to higher pressures, would now permeate more, back to water. SCALING UP ELECTROLYSERS TO MEET THE 1.5°C CLIMATE GOAL Figure 8. Typical system design and balance of plant for a PEM electrolyser. Note: This configuration is for a generic system and might not be representative of all existing manufacturers. Based on IRENA analysis. Hydrogen Oxygen Water 35PDF Image | GREEN HYDROGEN SCALING UP ELECTROLYSERS
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