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Solid oxide electrolysers can be coupled with heat-producing technologies for a higher system efficiency, as the electrolysis of water is increasingly endothermic with increasing temperature. Therefore, energy demand is rapidly reduced, due to the Joule heating of the cell, and then utilised in the water splitting reaction at high temperatures. When the cell runs endothermically, heat for water vaporisation can be supplied from other sources, such as waste-heat from industry or concentrated solar power plants. One important and fully renewable option is coupling SOECs with concentrated solar power, which could supply both electricity and the heat to the SOEC electrolyser. A typical system configuration for solid oxide is shown in Figure 10. Hydrogen processing unit: Compression Hydrogen from the electrolyser is in gaseous form, conventionally from atmospheric pressure to 30 bar, while higher pressures are possible. To facilitate hydrogen transport, a lower volume is needed. This means either increasing the pressure, liquefying the gas9 , or converting it for liquid organic hydrogen carriers. Compression can make a large difference. Going from atmospheric to 70 bar (a typical pressure for transmission pipelines) can already reduce the gas volume by a factor of 65. Compressing it to 1 000 bar (a typical pressure for storage in tanks) can reduce the volume by a factor of 625 compared to atmospheric, and liquefaction by a factor of 870 (BNEF, 2019). Compression can be done in mainly three ways: using a standard separate compressor; by changing the operating pressure of the electrolyser; using a separate electrochemical device. From the perspective of equipment count and process complexity, doing both the compression and the hydrogen production in the electrolyser might be an attractive option. The downsides, however, are the design of the electrolyser to be able to withstand a higher pressure (cost) and the potential increase in gas permeation through the membrane (efficiency and durability). With higher pressures in the electrolyser, the permeation losses increase, which means more hydrogen ends up on the oxygen side rather than on the product side, which in turn translates into a higher energy consumption for the same production rate and a higher safety risk for the anode (see Figure 11). SCALING UP ELECTROLYSERS TO MEET THE 1.5°C CLIMATE GOAL Figure 11. Energy losses for compression in a pressurized electrolyser as a function of delivery pressure and thickness of membrane. Source: Babic et al, 2017. 37 9 Another option is to convert it to ammonia, methane, liquid, but this section focuses on pure hydrogen.PDF Image | GREEN HYDROGEN SCALING UP ELECTROLYSERS
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