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faster and hydrogen plays a larger role, the overall water demand would be relatively small compared to global water consumption. Additionally, any green hydrogen produced that is used in fuel cells for transportation purposes, or eventually re- electrification, will produce ultra-pure water that could be recovered where economically feasible, in particular, in stationary applications. For the land area, there are no real projects of more than 100 MW in water electrolysis12(the largest one, as of November 2020, is 20MW, in Becancour, Canada). Thus, so far, land area estimates rely on engineering estimates, rather than plot optimisation based on real experience. Yet, there are a couple of estimates available: A study funded by the German government in 2014 estimated that a 100 MW electrolyser plant would occupy about 6 300 m2 (DLR, 2014). Siemens estimated back in 2017 that a 300 MW electrolyser plant would occupy about 180 metres (m) x 80m (15000m2) (Bolhuis, 2017). ITM estimated in 2017 that one 100MW electrolyser would occupy about 40 m x 87 m (3 500 m2), with the possibility of using multiple layout options to fit different applications and of replicating this easily by having a standardised design (Bourne, 2017). In 2018, McPhy proposed a 100MW facility (composed of five modules of 20 MW each) with a plot size of 4 500 m2 (McPhy, 2018). More recently, given the various multi-GW national strategies, there are studies looking at what it could mean to have these multi-GW facilities. One study comes from the Institute for Sustainable Process Technology (ISPT) in the Netherlands, which made a detailed bottom-up study for a 1 GW alkaline and PEM plant (ISPT, 2020). As a result, the maximum area requirements were 13 ha and 17 ha (0.13 km2 -0.17 km2) for a PEM and an alkaline electrolyser plant respectively, with the potential to decrease the land requirements with compact designs of 8 ha and 10 ha respectively (see Figure 13 left for the plot size of an alkaline electrolyser). The bulk of this space (65%-75%) is for the electrolyser building and the electrical equipment (e.g. switchgears and transformers), with the least space used by the hydrogen processing section. To put these numbers in perspective, a global capacity of 1 000 GW of electrolysers, which would be enough to replace the entire current pure and mixed hydrogen fossil-based production, would occupy a land area of the size of Manhattan, New York, using the most conservative estimate (i.e. 0.17 km2). Another reference is that this energy density of almost 7500 MW/km2 is almost 1500 times larger than a relatively good onshore wind density of 5MW/km2 (Enevoldsen et al., 2019), which means the electrolyser would only be a fraction of the space occupied by the renewable electricity input, highlighting the need to use hydrogen only for applications that are hard to electrify and reduce the upstream renewable capacity needed to satisfy the same demand. 380kV Switchgears Workshop Maintenance room Compressors Electric aux. H HEX di2scharge 150kV Switchgears Entrance Rectifier 10MW+ 33/0.4kV (X100) Office Control room SCALING UP ELECTROLYSERS TO MEET THE 1.5°C CLIMATE GOAL Figure13 Figure 13. Plot size for an alkaline 1-GW electrolyser plant (left) and for a 100-MW alkaline electrolyser from Thyssenkrupp (right). 550 33kV Switchgear (X6) Service entrace Statcoms (X3) O2 discharge Service entrance Demi water plant Warehouse 150/33kV H2 Compressors Based on IRENA analysis based on ISPT, 2020. 12 There are electrolyser plants of this size (and larger) for chlorine production (see Figure 13). 41 380/150kV - 400MVA (X3) 310PDF Image | GREEN HYDROGEN SCALING UP ELECTROLYSERS
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