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GREEN HYDROGEN COST REDUCTION 2.4 TRADE-OFFS TO CONSIDER IN THE DESIGN OF THE ELECTROLYSER On the supply side, the prospects for green hydrogen depend on the performance of the electrolyser. The key dimensions that R&D strategies need to address are: The efficiency increase at the cell, stack, and system level (this reduces operational cost). The current to the stack is directly related to cell and stack capacity and therefore to hydrogen production. A durability increase to more than 100 000 hours for any developed system concept. An investment cost reduction (both stack and system). These four dimensions are related to each other, however, and improvement in one of them usually leads to a poorer performance in another. For example, a thicker membrane is mechanically stronger and leads to longer lifetime profiles, but it also increases the resistance to the transport of charges, which in turn decreases the efficiency. While the longer lifetime results in a lower cost contribution of the investment component, the lower efficiency results in a higher operating cost given the higher electricity consumption. Figure 14 shows the positive or negative effect (arrows + colour) some of the independent choices during manufacturing and research (green boxes) can have on each dimension. Another two important aspects are the use of more active catalysts that are able to improve efficiency levels, but could have negative impact on durability. One example is ruthenium catalysts, which are more active than iridium, but suffer from long-term stability. Moreover, any catalyst free of critical raw materials needs to be aimed at higher efficiencies, but this typically result in catalysts that are less robust and more prone to dissolution. Figure 14. Trade-offs between efficiency, durability and cost for electrolysers. More efficient stacks reduce main OPEX: electricity cost OPEX EFFICIENCY Result in efficiency increase • Thinner membranes • More active catalysts • Less critical raw materials Reduction in durability DURABILITY CAPEX Less durable stacks result in CAPEX annuity increase Note: The arrows represent a direct impact or effect from the R&D of a given material or component over each relevant dimension. CAPEX = capital expenditure; OPEX = operational expenditure. • Larger stacks • Manufacturing • Quality control • High pressure operation • Reduced maintenance • Lower water quality 42PDF Image | GREEN HYDROGEN SCALING UP ELECTROLYSERS
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