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GREEN HYDROGEN COST REDUCTION storage and subsequent stages of the hydrogen supply chain will naturally impact the overall efficiency, from renewable power to the hydrogen actually consumed. Naturally, the fewer the conversion stages over the chain (compression, liquefaction, embedding in liquid organic hydrogen carriers and others), the higher will be the overall efficiency. 2.5 FLEXIBILITY OF GREEN HYDROGEN PRODUCTION FACILITIES To ensure that green hydrogen supply cost is as low as possible, a holistic approach needs to be applied to system design and operations. System design can be optimised to minimise cost and increase flexibility as necessary, depending on a variety of factors. These can include: the variability of electricity supply (i.e. constant consumption of grid electricity, or direct feed from variable solar or wind farms); the technology used for the stack (e.g. alkaline, PEM and AEM being more flexible than solid oxide); and the flexibility of hydrogen demand (e.g. constant demand for chemical processes, general annual demand for export without hourly or daily constraints). Storage can significantly help to decouple variable supply from hydrogen demand. This can come in the form of electrochemical storage for shortterm fluctuations (before the electrolyser stack), or in the form of hydrogen storage for long-term fluctuations (after the stack, before the downstream offtaker). Similarly, hydrogen storage in tanks, caverns and pipelines can help decouple variable hydrogen production from inflexible hydrogen demand (e.g. to produce ammonia). No single blueprint exists, however, the type of electricity supply and hydrogen demand will drive system design, where no single electrolyser technology is better than any other, as the combination with electricity and hydrogen storage can effectively provide any level of flexibility, as illustrated in Figure 15. Figure 15. System schematic for green hydrogen production facility that includes electricity and hydrogen storage on site. Demand 46 Power supply Electrochemical storage Based on IRENA analysis. Transformer Rectifier Compressor Electrolyser system Electricity Hydrogen Hydrogen StoragePDF Image | GREEN HYDROGEN SCALING UP ELECTROLYSERS
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