PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 049
Hydrogen can be stored and transported in multiple ways. In terms of flexibility services, electrolysers have been evaluated in terms of: 1. The time they take to respond to a change in power set-point. 2. The time they take to settle after a power set-point change. 3. The rate at which they can change power consumption. 4. The lower operation limit, or the minimum turndown level. 5. The time they take to start up and shut down. A report (Eichman, Harrison and Peters, 2014) has found that: 1. Small electrolyser systems (around 40 kW units) begin changing their electricity demand within milliseconds of a set-point change. 2. The settling time after a set-point change is in the order of seconds. 3. Electrolysers can reduce their electrical consumption to zero for an unlimited amount of time. 4. Electrolysers exhibit low partload operation capabilities. 5. Electrolysers can start up and shut down in several minutes. The study also concluded that electrolysers acting as demand response devices can respond sufficiently fast and for a long enough duration to participate in energy management on the utility scale and at end user facilities. This has also been presented in some real applications by IRENA (IRENA, 2019b). From the point of view of short-term flexibility, alkaline and PEM water electrolysers still present the most interesting technical capability, as they have proven to provide very fast dynamics among all available electrolysis process. Alkaline electrolysers have been successfully tested for primary control reserve in Germany, which demonstrates that for practical purposes, these are as fast as PEM (thyssenkrupp, 2020) . All manufacturers have typically guaranteed ramping up and down to change the consumption of electricity to be completed in less than one second (ITM Power, 2017; Siemens, 2020), and that is primarily a function of the rectification system. They can also operate at partial load as low as 5%, which can be sustained during long periods of time, although this might lead to significant efficiency losses due to the rectifier’s characteristics. In addition, PEM electrolysers can reach cold startup in less than 5 minutes, and completely shut down within a few seconds. The cited technical characteristics open up several potential demandside response schemes to support the operation of electrical power systems. For instance, fleets of electrolysers could be controlled to quickly ramp-up their consumption at times when there is a surplus of renewable energy generation, hence contributing to the minimisation of electricity curtailment, or simply participating in balancing markets either individually (if sufficiently large) or through aggregators. On top of that, they could be coordinated with renewable energy sources to help mitigate the fluctuations of the generated power in offgrid applications. For congestion management, large scale electrolysers can contribute to the reduction of critical peak loads by reducing their electricity demand, or even by completely interrupting operation. This service should be remunerated adequately, however, to compensate for the economic incentive to operate the electrolyser as many hours as possible to reduce the contribution of the investment cost to the total cost. Moreover, such an application can also have its limitations, since several industrial processes cannot be stopped when integrated with the electrolyser facility, therefore limiting flexibility of operations based on the size of the hydrogen storage. SCALING UP ELECTROLYSERS TO MEET THE 1.5°C CLIMATE GOAL 49PDF Image | GREEN HYDROGEN SCALING UP ELECTROLYSERS
PDF Search Title:
GREEN HYDROGEN SCALING UP ELECTROLYSERSOriginal File Name Searched:
IRENA_Green_hydrogen_cost_2020.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
Salgenx Redox Flow Battery Technology: Power up your energy storage game with Salgenx Salt Water Battery. With its advanced technology, the flow battery provides reliable, scalable, and sustainable energy storage for utility-scale projects. Upgrade to a Salgenx flow battery today and take control of your energy future.
| CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@salgenx.com | RSS | AMP |