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SCALING UP ELECTROLYSERS TO MEET THE 1.5°C CLIMATE GOAL Table 2. Proposed activities to improve the performance of alkaline electrolysers. 5. Design, create, and integrate forms of recombination catalysts for gas permeation (crossover) CHALLENGE Moderate BENEFIT 1. High catalyst surface area > 50 m2/g Easy Medium 2. High catalyst utilization > 80% Medium 3. Improved kinetics for both hydrogen and oxygen evolution with novel nickel-based alloys 4. Mitigate catalyst poisoning/deactivation by foreign elements from electrolyte, and components present in the system Moderate High Moderate Low Moderate Medium 6. Mitigate critical degradation of catalysts on the anode side to avoid loss of surface area Difficult High 7. Mitigate nickelhydrogen (NiH) formation on the cathode side Difficult Low 8. Eliminate mechanical degradation of catalyst layers (delamination, dissolution) Difficult High 9. Identify stable polymer chemistry that can be used as ionomer (OH- transport) to be used to fabricate electrodes for alkaline electrolysers Difficult High 10.Identify and reduce interface resistances from catalyst layer to PTLs Difficult High Based on IRENA analysis. Apart from increasing surface area, which was traditionally and simply achieved with Raney-Ni catalysts (nickel-aluminium [Ni-Al], or nickel- zinc [Ni-Zn]), the other points are considered moderate and difficult challenges. In addition, any novel concept still needs to keep long-term durability, comparable to those presented by current nickelcoated stainless steel perforated sheets. That is the reason why Raney-Ni electrodes have not been commercially deployed, at least not in large-scale electrodes, since they have presented some critical durability aspects for long-term operation (low mechanical robustness) and much higher costs, due to the use of expensive manufacturing techniques. Novel PTL concepts: Alkaline electrolysers are also not well developed in the use of efficient PTLs, potentially based on nickel. This is especially so in regard to optimising these for reduction of mass transport limitations (e.g. gas bubble resistance, trapped inside alkaline PTLs), and optimal protective coating alternatives to decrease interface resistances on the anode side. 59PDF Image | GREEN HYDROGEN SCALING UP ELECTROLYSERS
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