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GREEN HYDROGEN COST REDUCTION 3.2 SETTING TARGETS FOR STACK DESIGN: A KEY PERFORMANCE INDICATOR (KPI) DRIVEN APPROACH Table 6 lists KPIs for the four-electrolysis technologies considered here, both for the state- of-the-art in 2020 and as targets for 2050. The table also displays which main component is specifically related to, or individually affects a given KPI, and that can be used as guideline for both the electrolyser industry and OEMs to transform the technology by 2050. For PEM water electrolysers, significant development of the technology can be obtained by: replacing thick membranes, reducing catalyst quantities after reengineering electrode concepts, removing or substituting expensive coatings on PTLs, developing novel concepts for recombination catalysts. For alkaline electrolysers, the focus on increasing efficiency can be accomplished by: increasing the limit for the operating temperature, replacing thick diaphragms, redesigning catalyst compositions, moving electrode architectures into high area electrodes, introducing novel PTL/electrode concepts. Alkaline electrolysers need to reach similar concepts in catalyst coated membranes or membrane electrode assemblies as used in PEM electrolysers. Such a strategy works to reduce ohmic and interface resistances and improve electrode kinetics. Any novel diaphragm or membrane concept that is fabricated needs to respect the necessary gas permeation threshold, not exceeding the current values already observed for classic alkaline electrolyser concepts. A parallel – and equally valid – approach is to focus on designing three dimensional (3D) electrode structures, profiting from the high conductivity of KOH across the components, which goes against the development of electrodes similar to PEM. While today, performance ranges widely by technology, these gaps are expected to close over time. A performance-driven approach serves as guidance for research and innovation For AEM electrolysers, the main hurdle still lies in the complex, yet unstable polymer chemistry used in the membranes and ionomers. If a stable AEM membrane is found, novel membrane electrode assemblies using anion exchange membranes need to be proven for acceptable electrode and PTL concepts to be used within these stacks. These also need to be envisioned for membrane electrode assemblies of much larger cell area, similar to that currently observed in stateoftheart PEM electrolysers. For all technologies, a crucial challenge is related to the long-term characteristics of any novel material or component that needs to prove reliability beyond 50 000 hours. Hence, there is an intrinsic hurdle in running durability experiments for thousands of hours, or even a few years, making R&D of these components very slow and/or inefficient. Prior to such long-term experiments, degradation mechanisms should be unveiled for each novel component, along with accelerated stress tests and insitu/operando techniques to identify degradation issues. This challenge is related to the R&D of all electrolysis technologies, since all are aimed at stationary applications. 64PDF Image | GREEN HYDROGEN SCALING UP ELECTROLYSERS
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