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The research and development of materials, thin films, components, cells, stacks, systems peripherals, and integration for water electrolysers is very much dependent on the definition of a solid and trustworthy stateoftheart that correctly represents what can currently be found at the commercial level. Only a reliable stateoftheart allows the implementation of solid baselines to different metrics, such as the physicalchemical characteristics of materials, performance, selectivity, durability, cost, and so on. PEM and alkaline electrolysers have historically relatively welldefined benchmarks, with metrics fairly well known by the R&D community and industry. This is unfortunately not the case for solid oxide and AEM electrolysers. These are of high potential, but are also much less mature technologies, with only a few companies and OEMs interested or involved in their manufacture and commercialisation. SCALING UP ELECTROLYSERS TO MEET THE 1.5°C CLIMATE GOAL Table 6. State-of-the-art and future KPIs for all electrolyser technologies. 2020 Target 2050 R&D focus PEM electrolysers Nominal current density 1-2 A/cm2 1.4-2.5 V 50-80°C < 30 bar 5%-120% 99.9%-99.9999% 50%-68% 47-66 kWh/Kg H2 50-83 kWh/Kg H2 50 000-80 000 hours 1 MW 1 500 cm2 < 20 minutes USD 400/kW 700-1400 USD/kW Alkaline electrolysers 0.2-0.8 A/cm2 1.4-3 V < 30 bar 15%-100% 99.9%-99.9998% 50%-68% 47-66 kWh/Kg H2 50-78 kWh/Kg H2 4-6 A/cm2 < 1.7 V 80°C > 70 bar 5%-300% Same >80% < 42 kWh/Kg H2 < 45 kWh/Kg H2 100 000-120 000 hours 10 MW > 10 000 cm2 < 5 minutes < USD 100/kW < 200 USD/kW > 2 A/cm2 < 1.7 V > 70 bar 5%-300% > 99.9999% > 70% < 42 kWh/Kg H2 < 45 kWh/Kg H2 Design, membrane Catalyst, membrane Effect on durability Membrane, reconversion catalysts Membrane Membrane Catalysts Catalysts/membrane Balance of plant Membrane, catalysts, PTLs MEA, PTL MEA, PTL Insulation (design) MEA, PTLs, BPs Rectifier, water purification Diaphragm Catalysts Diaphragm, cell, frames Diaphragm Diaphragm Catalysts, temperature Diaphragm, catalysts Balance of plant Voltage range (limits) Operating temperature Cell pressure Load range H2 purity Voltage efficiency (LHV) Electrical efficiency (stack) Electrical efficiency (system) Lifetime (stack) Stack unit size Electrode area Cold start (to nominal load) Capital costs (stack) minimum 1 MW Capital Costs (system) minimum 10 MW Nominal current density Voltage range (limits) 70-90°C > 90°C Diaphragm, frames, balance of plant components Operating temperature Cell pressure Load range H2 purity Voltage efficiency (LHV) Electrical efficiency (stack) Electrical efficiency (system) 65PDF Image | GREEN HYDROGEN SCALING UP ELECTROLYSERS
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