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Energies 2022, 15, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 22 Energies 2022, 15, 7397 bromine, zinc-cerium, zinc-iron, iron-iron), which have a liquid-solid electrochemical re- 2 of 20 action, are prone to additional degradation due to dendrite formation and increased re- sistance, while the common all-liquid systems such as vanadium and polysulfide bromide often require electrolyte conditioning, a process of balancing the electrolyte chemistry us- electrolyte conditioning, a process of balancing the electrolyte chemistry using additional ing additional hardware or maintenance steps, which is required daily. hardware or maintenance steps, which is required daily. The high application potential of RFB ensures continued interest of the scientific com- The high application potential of RFB ensures continued interest of the scientific munity both in (i) studying the properties and principles of their operation to improve community both in (i) studying the properties and principles of their operation to improve commonly proposed systems, and in (ii) the development of energy storage devices with commonly proposed systems, and in (ii) the development of energy storage devices with new reagent types or RFB concepts. These modern studies of RFB are primarily aimed at new reagent types or RFB concepts. These modern studies of RFB are primarily aimed overcoming two fundamental barriers that significantly hinder the development of the at overcoming two fundamental barriers that significantly hinder the development of direction: (a) insufficient specific power due to small values of exchange currents for het- the direction: (a) insufficient specific power due to small values of exchange currents for erogeneous redox reactions used in RFB and (b) low energy density compared to the com- heterogeneous redox reactions used in RFB and (b) low energy density compared to the peting CPS, due to insufficient energy capacity of the reagents per unit volume or mass. competing CPS, due to insufficient energy capacity of the reagents per unit volume or mass. To solve these issues scientific community proposed a number of concepts, such as the To solve these issues scientific community proposed a number of concepts, such as the use use of hybrid systems, in which one of the half-reactions in the battery is either replaced of hybrid systems, in which one of the half-reactions in the battery is either replaced by by a hydrogen oxidation reaction [5–8] or an electroactive component in a solid state [9– a hydrogen oxidation reaction [5–8] or an electroactive component in a solid state [9–11]. 11]. In novel fundamental concepts, high-capacity electrolytes are proposed either in spe- In novel fundamental concepts, high-capacity electrolytes are proposed either in specific cific states, e.g., [8,12–14] or in specific forms, e.g., various salts of halates as highly soluble states, e.g., [8,12–14] or in specific forms, e.g., various salts of halates as highly soluble multielectron redox-active components [15]. This work aims to highlight recent advances multielectron redox-active components [15]. This work aims to highlight recent advances in the hybrid redox flow batteries (HRFB) field and conclude whether novel concepts in in the hybrid redox flow batteries (HRFB) field and conclude whether novel concepts in halogen oxidizers utilization could help to overcome the problem of insufficient power halogen oxidizers utilization could help to overcome the problem of insufficient power density and energy capacity of RFB. density and energy capacity of RFB. 2. The Main Energy Storage Technologies Analysis 2. The Main Energy Storage Technologies Analysis This work among other goals presents a staggered analysis of the main energy stor- This work among other goals presents a staggered analysis of the main energy storage age technologies, that compares specific power density and energy capacity of the system technologies, that compares specific power density and energy capacity of the system and and technological parameters, such as system service life and cyclability. One of the com- technological parameters, such as system service life and cyclability. One of the common mon ways to compare different technologies in terms of the specific power density (W ways to compare different technologies in terms of the specific power density (W kg−1) −1 −1 −1 kg ) vs. the specific energy density (W h kg ) is the so-called Ragone diagram, first pro- vs. the specific energy density (W h kg ) is the so-called Ragone diagram, first proposed posed in [16] (see Figure 1 and Table 1). in [16] (see Figure 1 and Table 1). Figure 1. Dependence of specific power density vs. energy density (Ragone diagram) for the main electrical energy accumulation and storage technologies.PDF Image | Halogen Hybrid Flow Batteries
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