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ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-28880-x OPEN High-energy and low-cost membrane-free chlorine flow battery Singyuk Hou 1,5, Long Chen 1,2,5✉, Xiulin Fan1,5, Xiaotong Fan3, Xiao Ji 1, Boyu Wang1, Chunyu Cui1, Ji Chen1, Chongyin Yang 1, Wei Wang 4, Chunzhong Li 2 & Chunsheng Wang 1✉ Grid-scale energy storage is essential for reliable electricity transmission and renewable energy integration. Redox flow batteries (RFB) provide affordable and scalable solutions for stationary energy storage. However, most of the current RFB chemistries are based on expensive transition metal ions or synthetic organics. Here, we report a reversible chlor- ine redox flow battery starting from the electrolysis of aqueous NaCl electrolyte and the as- produced Cl2 is extracted and stored in the carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) or mineral spirit flow. The immiscibility between the CCl4 or mineral spirit and NaCl electrolyte enables a membrane-free design with an energy efficiency of >91% at 10 mA/cm2 and an energy density of 125.7 Wh/L. The chlorine flow battery can meet the stringent price and reliability target for stationary energy storage with the inherently low-cost active materials (~$5/kWh) and the highly reversible Cl2/Cl− redox reaction. 1 Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA. 2 Department of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China. 3 School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China. 4 Energy & Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA. 5 These authors contributed equally: Singyuk Hou, Long Chen, Xiulin Fan. ✉email: longchen@ecust.edu.cn; cswang@umd.edu NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | (2022)13:1281 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-28880-x | www.nature.com/naturecommunications 1 1234567890():,;PDF Image | High-energy and low-cost membrane-free CFB
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