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Room temperature highly sensitive chlorine sensor based on reduced graphene oxide anchored with substituted copper phthalocyanine. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 327, 128925 (2021). Acknowledgements This work was supported by the US Department of Energy ARPA-E Grant DEAR0000389. Author contributions S.H., L.C., and Xiu.F. contributed equally to this work. S.H. and L.C. conceived the idea of a membrane-free chlorine flow battery. S.H. performed the numerical simulations and physiochemical measurements. L.C., Xiu.F., and Xiaotong.F. did the material synthesis and electrochemical measurements. X.J. performs the DFT calculations. S.H. and L.C. analyzed the results and wrote the manuscript. B.W., C.C., J.C., C.Y., W.W., and C.L. participated in the discussions. C.W. supervised all the studies. Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. Additional information Supplementary information The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-28880-x. Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to Long Chen or Chunsheng Wang. Peer review information Nature Communications thanks Yongchai Kwon, Carlos Ponce de León, and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work. Peer reviewer reports are available. Reprints and permission information is available at http://www.nature.com/reprints Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. 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