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composition of the electrolytes, e.g., the Zn-Br2 has a microporous separator, the Zn-air an anionic membrane, the Zn-Ce a cationic membrane and the Zn-Ni cell can be undivided. During R & D and the scale-up of practical RFBs, several design choices are undertaken. Such decisions will determine the cost, ease of manufacture, efficiency, cycling life and the overall feasibility of the electrochemical energy storage system. Based on the current state of the art and new trends in zinc-based RFBs, Figure 5 illustrates some of the available options for electrode geometry, flow cell configuration, electrolyte composition, zinc electrode substrate and type positive electrode reaction. As explained in the following sections, planar electrodes are traditional to encourage uniform Zn deposition but research has considered the possible implementation of 3-D electrodes. Most RFBs are divided, although undivided cells significantly reduce cost and complexity. New electrolyte types recently considered, include slurries, emulsions, ionic liquids and deep eutectics. 2. Zinc-bromine redox flow batteries The Zn-Br2 RFB is a relatively mature commercial technology and one of the most accessible RFBs, in contrast to the more expensive all vanadium system. The Zn-Br2 battery is capable of rapid discharge, full depth discharge and high energy storage capacity [52]. The cell was developed with low cost in mind and is not constrained by reagent supply, in contrast to vanadium systems. Its thermodynamic cell potential, Ecell, is 1.82 V and its specific energy is 440 W h kg–1 (Zn) at 298 K. The Zn-Br2 RFB was initially developed in the late 1970s in USA by Gould Inc. [62] and Exxon [63] (although there are patents for static bromide cells dating back to 1885 [46]) and constituted an improvement over the now obsolete and less safe Zn-Cl2 chemistry. 8PDF Image | hybrid redox flow batteries with zinc negative electrodes
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