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Development continued over the next decade under the direction of Sandia National Laboratories [29], including subcontracted work in Energy Research Corp. [64] and Johnson Controls Inc. [65]. Parallel development took place in Japan by Meidensha Electric Co. [66] and in Austria by SEA GmbH [52]. In the late 80s, Toyota Motor Co. demonstrated an electric concept vehicle [52]. A final report for the Sandia developments was published in 1999 [67]. Commercial interest has been renewed since 2010. Currently, major producers include Redflow Ltd., based in Australia, and EnSync Energy Systems in the USA, followed by Zbest Power Co. Ltd. (China), Lotte Chemical Corp. (Korea) and Primus Power (USA). During charge, a thin layer of metallic zinc is electrodeposited at the carbon-based negative electrode with the simultaneous oxidation of bromide ions to bromine at the positive electrode, as shown in Figure 4a). During discharge, the battery relies on the inverse reactions. The negative electrode reaction shown in reaction (1) is accompanied at the positive electrode by: Br2(aq.) + 2eā The overall cell reaction is: Discharge ā 2Br# Charge Discharge ā 2Br# + Zn$% Charge Eo = 1.06 V vs. SHE (3) Br2(aq.) + Zn Eocell = 1.82 V (4) At the positive electrode, the Zn-Br2 battery generates Br2, a strongly corrosive halide, during charge. In order to ensure that only a very small fraction of Br2 is free, the electrolyte 9PDF Image | hybrid redox flow batteries with zinc negative electrodes
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