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composition includes relatively large quantities of complexing agents. Br2 is present as a N- methyl-N-ethylmorpholinium (MEM) bromide complex [52], which forms a quaternary ammonium polybromide fused salt [68]. Alternative/joint complexing agents include N- methyl-ethyl-pyrrolidinium (MEP) [69] or dimethylethylpropylammonium [70] and polydiallyldimethyl-ammonium [71]. The positive electrolyte then forms a two-phase system, the aqueous containing at least three bromine polyhalide complexes in equilibrium and the second, fused bromine salts [68] which precipitate at the bottom of the electrolyte reservoir. Research continues on the development of more stable quaternary ammonium salts as complexing agents, as in the work by Bryans et al. [72]. In addition to potential measurements, the SOC can be monitored by determining the concentration of ZnBr2 in the negative electrolyte via Raman spectroscopy [73]. Although relatively dense, the resulting electrolyte is conductive and chemically stable [68]. This approach has proven to be reliable and safe, in contrast to the complex, expensive and dangerous management of Cl2 hydrates in the Zn-Cl2 RFB [74]. Hermetically sealed flow systems for holding Br2 gas would be highly impractical, while a proposed alternative using resorcinol–formaldehyde aqueous cryogel electrodes suffers from the difficulty of its manufacturing process [75]. Both negative and positive electrolytes use the same Zn-Br2 support electrolyte, easing the problematic cross-mixing common in some RFBs. Suitable mixtures of the quaternary ammonium complexes can help to prevent the solidification of the fused bromine-complex salt [76]. Quaternary ammonium compounds tend to inhibit the reaction rate [77], although this does not affect the practicality of the cell. It has been shown that polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monolaurate can improve the efficiency 10PDF Image | hybrid redox flow batteries with zinc negative electrodes
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