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of a Zn-Br2 cell by forming an emulsion between the phase containing the bromine-complex and the aqueous phase [78]. Recent contributions in the Zn-Br system have considered the common bromine sequestering agents as ionic liquid salts. Alternative bromine complexing agents have been suggested [79] and structural variations of the common bromine sequestering agents, tetraalkylammonium bromide and 1-alkyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bromide, have been studied electrochemically [80]. Five ionic liquid complexing agents were studied by Rajarathnam et al. [81] using electrochemical methods. Three of these compounds showed a better electrochemical performance at a bipolar carbon electrode material, particularly 1-ethylpyridinium bromide. These authors also characterised the Zn deposits using SEM and XRD. More expensive and toxic non-aqueous organic solvents have been investigated in the past, including acetonitrile [82] and propionitrile [83, 84]. More recently, nitrobenzene has been studied as a possible supporting electrolyte for a modified Br2-nitrobenzene RFB [85]. The electrode kinetics of the B2/Br- redox couple are slow in this media, making expensive Pt electrodes more suitable. Alternative supporting electrolytes have been considered. Rajarathnam et al. [86] have studied the effect of 0.5 mol dm-3 Br-, SO4-, H2PO4- and NO3- anions on the electrode kinetics of the Br-/Br2 reaction. As shown in Figure 6, these supporting electrolytes resulted in different deposit morphologies. The overall performance was comparable to the classical NaCl electrolyte. The authors noted that grain refinement was correlated to faster kinetics and that mossy deposits did not necessarily resulted in poor performance in the evaluated conditions. Wu et al. [87] have reported that a 2 mol dm-3 NH4Cl supporting electrolyte significantly decreased cell resistivity while enhancing energy efficiency compared to KCl electrolytes. The interactions of NH4+ ions with bromine complexing agents and its effects on Zn electrodeposition have not yet been studied. 11PDF Image | hybrid redox flow batteries with zinc negative electrodes
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