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The Zn-Br2 battery typically uses 2-D planar carbon-polymer composite bipolar electrodes manufactured by polymer extrusion. A more uniform current and potential distribution is easier to achieve at 2-D electrodes and has traditionally promoted uniform, compact Zn electrodeposits. The metal layer should have good adhesion to the substrate but be easily dissolved during discharge. A typical bipolar electrode composition for this system utilises carbon powder mixed with polypropylene [97], polyethylene [69], or carbon black and glass fibre. The content of conductive carbon filler has to be enough to provide adequate conductivity without decrement in mechanical properties. Korean research workers [98] have characterised a polypropylene/carbon/carbon nanotube composite electrode manufactured by sheet extrusion. The composite electrodes, with a CNT content of 5% w.t., had a resistivity of 1.12 Ω m. Neither the activity towards the positive reaction nor the negative Zn nucleation and adhesion were studied. A Zn-Br2 cell with such bipolar plates showed voltage and energy efficiencies of 80.7% and 73.2%, respectively. The mechanical properties of the bipolar electrodes were improved. However, it has been shown that expensive multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) disperse poorly in a similar polyethylene-based composite bipolar electrode, having a negative effect of Zn electrodeposition [69]. As shown in Figure 7, the onset potential for Zn nucleation becomes more negative at the electrode containing carbon nanotubes while the current density diminishes in comparison to the conventional substrate. The homogeneousness and morphology of the Zn deposits have critical importance for the cycling lifetime of the device. Dendritic growths are known to pierce separators and detach from the electrode, decreasing capacity and efficiency and potentially blocking manifolds. 13PDF Image | hybrid redox flow batteries with zinc negative electrodes
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