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electrosynthesis at Pt/Ti anodes [121]. The state of the art Zn-Ce hybrid RFB has been summarized by Walsh et al. [122] and by Xie et al. [123]. Zinc deposition and dissolution, reaction (1), takes place in acid media at the negative electrodes. The conversion of Ce(III) and Ce(IV) ions occurs at the positive electrode: Discharge Ce(IV) + eā ā Ce(III) (6) Charge The standard potential for this reaction is 1.61 V vs. SHE in methanesulfonic acid and the resulting open-circuit cell potential is ca. 2.37 V. Figure 4c) shows a unit flow cell divided by a proton exchange membrane and Zn(II) and Ce(III) methanesulfonate electrolytes before charge. Overall, electrode materials and electrolyte compositions have been studied. The main limitation of the Zn-Ce RFB is the high cost of Pt/Ti electrodes and electrolyte cross-mixing. Current research needs to address the imbalance of the cell and self-discharge produced by the parasitic H2 evolution at the negative electrode. The membrane-divided Zn-Ce battery has received much attention, although an undivided system using a laboratory, single electrolyte cell has also been proposed. The energy efficiency and feasibility of these devices, along with results from a scale-up industrial pilot installation are discussed in the following sections. 3.1 The zinc negative electrode The negative half-cell of the battery depends on the nucleation and stripping of zinc in aqueous methanesulfonic acid, conditions that favour H2 evolution in comparison to alkaline 20PDF Image | hybrid redox flow batteries with zinc negative electrodes
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