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methanesulfonic acid in the battery was optimized. High acid concentrations increase the solubility of Ce(IV) but have the opposite effect on the solubility of Ce(III). If the concentration of acid is too high, the mass transfer coefficient at the electrode diminishes due to the higher viscosity of the electrolyte. Several alternative catalysts such as Pt-Ir and Pt deposited on etched or sandblasted Ti have been investigated in planar electrodes for the Zn- Ce battery [153]. It was found that the Pt-IrO2 electrodes were comparable to Pt electrodes and that operation over 25 mA cm–2 at a planar resulted in severe O2 evolution during charge. With the purpose of enhancing the kinetics of the Ce(IV)/Ce(III) reaction and increasing the stability of Ce(IV) ions in solution, alternative support electrolyte compositions based on mixed acids have been proposed. For instance, the exchange current density and standard rate constant for an electrolyte containing 0.3 mol dm–3 Ce(III) in 2 mol dm–3 MSA + 0.5 mol dm– 3 H2SO4 were higher in comparison to an electrolyte using MSA as the supporting electrolyte, yielding an energy efficiency of 73% [154]. Other researchers [155] reported that adding 0.5 mol dm–3 HCl to 0.6 mol dm–3 Ce(III) in 4 mol dm–3 MSA significantly enhanced the reaction kinetics, exchange current density and electrolyte conductivity. 3.3 Cell performance A 2 kW pilot-scale Zn-Ce battery was evaluated by Plurion Ltd. in Scotland in the 2010s [122]. Each stack consisted of six 0.5 m2 bipolar titanium electrodes, the positive side being welded to Pt/Ti mesh and the negative side coated with a stable catalyst material. Over 25 cycles, the coulombic and energy efficiencies fluctuated around 60% and 45%, respectively. As these developments were only partially disclosed, most of the available data on Zn-Ce RFBs has been obtained in laboratory-scale flow cells. The classical Zn-Ce cell is divided by a proton fluorocarbon membrane although polymeric microporous separators could also be 25PDF Image | hybrid redox flow batteries with zinc negative electrodes
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