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Charge 4OH– – 4e– ⇄ O2 + 2H2O E0 =0.401Vvs.SHE(8) Discharge As Zn-air cells mostly use alkaline electrolytes, oxygen being reduced to hydroxyl ions at the positive electrode and evolved during discharge and charge respectively. The Zn-air battery is an attractive system due to its high theoretical energy density of ~1350Wh kg-1 [54]. In practice, this value is between 350 and 1100 W h kg–1 [164] which is superior to that of Li-ion batteries. Other advantages such as safety and long operating life, low cost and low environmental impact give this system the potential to be used in various grid energy storage applications. For example, a US-based company Fluidic Energy has installed more than 100,000 rechargeable Zn-air battery systems for small energy storage back-up systems at $200 to $300/kW h and is planning to transition into microgrid and minigrid markets [165, 166]. However, the challenges facing the zinc-air RFB system include (1) shape change of the negative electrode due to dendrite formation during charge; (2) stability concerns of the electrocatalysts at the positive electrode as it is subjected to harsher conditions of the O2 evolution reaction and high anodic potentials; (3) side reactions such as water electrolysis may also occur in the electrolyte during charging; (4) passivation at open-circuit and H2 evolution during discharge can reduce cycle life. 4.1 The zinc negative electrode 30PDF Image | hybrid redox flow batteries with zinc negative electrodes
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