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efficiency the flow rate should be matched to the operating current of the system, with higher flow rates being applied for higher operating currents. 5.4 Prospects for zinc-nickel redox flow batteries Due to the potential advantages of the Zn-Ni RFB in terms of performance, cost and environmental impact, it can be expected that this system will be commercially developed. As detailed below, pilot utility scale Zn-Ni RFBs are being currently developed by the Chinese company Zhangjiagang Smart Grid Fanghua Electrical Energy Storage Research Institute Co. Ltd. and the City University of New York. Critical aspects to achieve reliable devices include the improvement of energy density and electrolyte conductivity, materials for the positive electrode as well as the usual control of zinc deposit shape and morphology. Furthermore, engineering aspects have not been well considered in several reported Zn-Ni flow cells. If these issues can be overcome using the methods previously discussed, it seems likely that a Zn-Ni RFB can be developed with energy efficiencies well in excess of 80% over 3,000 or more cycles. 6. Other zinc-based redox flow batteries A number of Zn-based RFBs have been developed, constituting alternatives to the promising medium sized Zn-Br2, Zn-Ce and Zn-air batteries, which have been compared in a recent book chapter [265]. In fact, most Zn-based RFBs can be traced back to the Zn-Cl2 RFB of 1974, followed by the Zn-ferricyanide system initially developed in parallel to the Zn-Br2 chemistry (see Figure 1). In recent years, several RFBs have been proposed/reintroduced due to renewed interest in renewable energy storage, including those involving microparticle suspensions, polymeric active species and concentration cells. These systems are described below. 49PDF Image | hybrid redox flow batteries with zinc negative electrodes
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