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This work used Epsom salt (magnesium sulfate) to form the electrolyte. The products of the reaction with the copper electrode were hydrogen, copper sulfate, and magnesium hydroxide. The formation of copper sulfate consumed the copper electrode and formed a precipitate. These undesirable results can be eliminated by using an alkaline water electrolysis system [16-18] that does not consume the electrode and produces desirable byproducts. For example, use of potassium hydroxide (KOH) as the electrolyte creates an alkaline water system that does not interact with the copper electrode. Electrolysis with a KOH solution and a copper electrode can produce hydrogen gas and oxygen gas, two desirable products. 3. CONCLUSIONS The results show that hydrogen production by infrared (HyPIR) electrolysis increases the rate of hydrogen production relative to the rate of hydrogen production without the laser. In this set of experiments, the increase in hydrogen production rate is greatest at low voltages and the increase is larger using a 0.12 M Epsom salt solution than a 0.25 M Epsom salt solution. The choice of electrolyte can have disadvantages. For example, the use of Epsom salt produces an undesirable byproduct (a precipitate) and consumes a copper electrode during the electrolytic process. Future work should attempt to remove these difficulties by identifying an alternative electrolytic system. COMPETING INTERESTS Author has declared that no competing interests exist. REFERENCES 1. Fanchi JR. HyPIR electrolysis for a 0.12 M Epsom salt solution. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2012;37:11001- 11003. 2. Fanchi JR, Fanchi CJ. Energy in the 21st Century, 4th Edition. World Scientific, Singapore; 2016. 3. Amme RC, Fanchi JR, Olson JR. Ultrasonic dispersion in NO in the temperature range 423–500°K. Journal of Chemical Physics. 1973;58:4707. 4. Bass HE, Fanchi JR. The effect of N2O laser irradiation on the nitrous oxide– copper reaction. Journal of Chemical Physics. 1975;64:4417. 5. Rosenwaks S. vibrationally mediated photo dissociation, Royal Society of Chemistry (rsc) publishing, Cambridge, U.K; 2009. 6. Bidin N, Razak SNA, Azni SR, Nguroho W, Mohsin AK, Abdullah M, Krishna G, Bakhtiar H. Effect of green laser irradiation on hydrogen production. Laser Physics Letters. 2014;11. DOI: 10.1088/1612-2011/11/6/066001 7. Shiva Kumar S, Himabindu V. Hydrogen production by PEM water electrolysis – A review. Materials Science for Energy Technologies. 2019;2:442–454. 8. Wang M, Wang Z, Gong X, Guo Z. The intensification technologies to water electrolysis for hydrogen production – A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2014;29: 573–588. 9. Schalenback M, Zeradjanin AR, Kasian O, Cherevko S, Mayrhofer KJJ. A Perspective on Low-Temperature Water Electrolysis – Challenges in Alkaline and Acidic Technology. Int. J. Electrochem. Sci. 2018; 13:1173 – 1226, DOI: 10.20964/2018.02.26 10. Kaya MF, Demir N, Albawabihiji MS, Tas M. Investigation of alkaline water electrolysis performance for different cost- effective electrodes under magnetic field. International Journal of hydrogen energy. 2017;42:17583-17592. 11. Schüttauf JW, Modestino MA, Chinello E, Lambelet D, Delfino A, Dominé D, Faes A, Despeisse M, Bailat J, Psaltis D, Moser C, Ballif C. Solar-to-Hydrogen Production at 14.2% Efficiency with Silicon Photovoltaics and Earth-Abundant Electrocatalysts. Journal of The Electrochemical Society. 2016;163(10):F1177-F1181. 12. Lakshmanan AR, Prasad MVR, Ponraju D, Krishnan H. A novel method of non-violent dissolution of sodium metal in a concentrated aqueous solution of Epsom salt. Journal of Solid State Chemistry. 2004;177: 3460–3468. 13. Andersson J, Grönkvist S. Large-scale storage of hydrogen. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2019;44:11901- 11919. 14. Hooker S, Webb C. Laser Physics, Oxford University Press, Oxford, U.K; 2010. 15. Whisper NG. User Manual, Revision E. Medical Laser Technologies, LLC. Austin, TX; 2008. 16. Navarro RM, Guil R, Fierro JLG. Introduction to Hydrogen Production,” Chapter 2 in Compendium of Hydrogen 4 Fanchi; AJR2P, 4(2): 1-5, 2021; Article no.AJR2P.65706PDF Image | HyPIR Electrolysis 25 M Epsom Salt Solution
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