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3. Aqueous PEC System Of the many approaches to the design of aqueous CO2 reduction devices for application on Mars, two device configurations are considered here. The first configuration, Device-A, is essentially an oxygen generator, where the anode reaction is H2O + 2 h+ −−→ 12 O2 + 2 H+, and the cathode reactionisCO2+2H++2e– −−→CO+H2O.Notethatthereisnonetwaterconsumptionin the overall reaction; the water is simply transported from the anode chamber into the cathode chamber during the reaction. Hence, a recirculation of water will be necessary in the Device-A configuration to ensure zero net water consumption during the process. As a result, Device-A does not rely on the water resources on Mars and does not provide the fuel needed for the ascent vehicle. Device-A is relatively low risk with key materials available today. Device-A will also be able to provide direct comparison to the MOXIE system. Device-A will consist of a power-generating component, a fuel-forming component, and auxiliary systems. The power-generating component could consist of ultra-light-weight PV modules, in which state-of-the-art cells with a solar-to-electric conversion efficiency of 30% and a specific power density of 2kW kg-1 can be used. The fuel-forming component will consist of CO2 reduction catalyst, oxygen evolution catalyst, electrolyte media, and membrane separators. Various CO2 reduction catalysts, including oxide-derived Au (Chen & Kanan, 2012), nanoporous Ag (Lu et al., 2014), metal chalcogenide (Asadi et al., 2016), etc., exhibited active and selective electrocatalytic properties for CO2 reduction to CO. For instance, recent reports on nanostructured transition metal dichalcogenide electrocatalysts showed that an operating current density exceeding 50 mA cm-2 can be obtained at <100 mV overpotential for selective CO2 reduction to CO (Asadi et al., 2016). As for the electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER), metal oxides and mixed metal oxides, including NiOx (Sun et al., 2015), NiFeOx (Batchellor & Boettcher, 2015), NiFeCoCeOx (Haber et al., 2014) in alkaline conditions (Jung et al., 2016) and IrOx orPDF Image | ISRU Challenge Production of O2 and Fuel from CO2
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