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34 Chapter 6. System-Level Considerations Assumptions Unit Value Oxygen Metabolic kg per crewday 0.82 Water – Drink kg per crewday 2 Water – Food Rehydration kg per crewday 0.5 Water – Medical kg per crewday 0.05 Water – Hygiene kg per crewday 0.4 Water – Flush kg per day 0.25 Cabin Air Leakage kg per day per module 0.00454 Cabin Air Leakage – Orion kg per day 0.00908 Table 6.1: Gas and Liquid Assumptions Maldonado, 2012). 78% of MAV propellant is oxygen, which represents 55% of the return vehicle mass. Another study of the MAV propellant mass shows a similar value of 22.7 mT (Muscatello et al., 2016). Propellant-related S/C Mass (mT) Figures of Merit (n:1) Other Considerations Scenario Mass Savings Propellant Produced (mT) Mass savings: ISRU h/w mass Production: ISRU-related s/c mass Requires excava- tion? Constrains landing site? Flight-like proto- type? No ISRU 0 LOx only 24 24.6 24 3 No No Yes LOx + CH4 30 31.6 18 19 Yes Yes No ISRU O2 CH4 Total h/w 0 24.6 7 31.6 1078 1.7 0 0 1.7 Table 6.2: Propellant Requirements by Scenario Oxygen consumption during EVA lasts for 8 hours and, with an oxygen contingency of 45 min for one activity, is equal to 0.72 kg (Drake et al., 2010). Considering one activity per day per person, the overall oxygen needed for 5 people for the mission is conservatively estimated to be 1728 kg. The total oxygen requirement including human support, MAV propellant, and EVA is 28.3 mT, and therefore a continuous production of 2.46 kg/hr of oxygen is required. Considering the ISRU strategy, as opposed to sourcing the oxygen from Earth, oxygen can be produced from carbon dioxide, the major component of Martian atmosphere (>95%), or electrolysis of sub-surface water. Due to the complexity, site dependency, and mission risk currently associated with using water resources on Mars, utilization of atmospheric CO2 with no dependency on latitude is deemed the preferred way to produce oxygen. In this section, we describe a non-aqueous PEC device to convert CO2 to O2 and CO by the following reaction: CO2 −−→ CO + 21 O2 (4e- process with Nernstian potential 1.33 V)PDF Image | ISRU Challenge Production of O2 and Fuel from CO2
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