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32 THE MANUFACTURE OF CHEMICALS BY ELECTROLYSIS 3 ohms per cubic metre, and the pressure required per cell is 10 volts. The optimum temperature at which the bacteria convert the maximum amount of nitrogenous matter into nitrate is 25° C, and at this temperature 2 per cent, of the available nitrogen is converted into nitric acid. The limestone filling which encircles each earthen- ware pot serves to prevent the peat itself from becoming acid. On one deposit, which had an average depth of 6 feet, a yearly output of 800 tons of nitrate was obtained at an approximate cost of one penny per 1b. HYDROXYLAMINE. In 1902 it was shown by J. Tafel that nitric acid can be reduced in a divided cell, in the presence of sulphuric acid, in such a manner as to give a good yield of hydroxy- lamine sulphate, and the process was covered by patents issued about that time. l Tafel showed that a mercury cathode or one of amal- gamated lead gives the best results. At a platinum cathode very little reduction takes place, and the products are ammonia and hydroxylamine. According to Tafel, a lead cathode gives a 40 per cent, conversion of nitric acid to hydroxylamine, but with a copper ielectrode only 15 per cent reduction to this substance takes place, whilst much ammonia is formed. Since hydroxylamine is not reduced to ammonia by a copper cathode, it follows that the reduction of nitric acid l ZeiUcU. anorg, Chem., 1902, 31,289.PDF Image | MANUFACTURE OF CHEMICALS BY ELECTROLYSIS
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