MANUFACTURE OF CHEMICALS BY ELECTROLYSIS

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MANUFACTURE OF CHEMICALS BY ELECTROLYSIS ( manufacture-chemicals-by-electrolysis )

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OXIDATION AND SUBSTITUTION OF OEGANIC COMPOUNDS 67 acid, are run into the cathode compartment of the electro- lytic cell. Here they serve as cathode electrolyte, whilst the previous liquors are oxidised in the anode compartment with a lead anode. At the lead cathode which is separated from the anode by a porous diaphragm, hydrogen gas is discharged, and the acidity of the liquor is diminished whilst that of the anode liquor becomes increased. The amount of Cr2O3 present is generally about 100 grams per litre and the sulphuric acid content about 300 grams per 2 litre. A current density of 3 amps, per dm. is employed and the temperature is maintained at 45-60° C. l Miiller and Soller have shown that the anode surface, which is actually lead peroxide, acts as a catalyst in ac- celerating the oxidation. Naphthalene by similar treatment gives at first naphtho- quinone, but further oxidation yields phthalic acid. Phenanthraquinone similarly passes to diphenic acid and benzoic acid. 2 Vanadium compounds may be employed as catalysts in oxidation ,and reduction processes. For example, anthra- cene is oxidised to anthraquinone with a lead anode in 20 per cent, sulphuric acid which contains 3 per cent, of vanadic acid. Aniline under similar conditions may be oxidised to benzoquinone, and the latter substance can be efficiently reduced to hydroquinone. Azobenzene and azoxybenzene are stated to give a good yield of benzidine 1 Zeitsch. Elelcfrockem., 1905,11, 863; 1913,19,344, 2 p,K.P. 172654(1906),

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