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2 Xiao Y. Yan and Derek J. Fray sustainability in utilization of energy and chemical resources. It also presents some selected innovative molten salt electrolysis processes and describes the prospects for change. Examples are given for (i) development in the extraction, purification and recycling of aluminium, magnesium, titanium, silicon and related materials by fused salt electrowinning and electrorefining; (ii) novel electrolysis processes for processing advanced materials, including niobium-based superconductors, nonoxide ceramics, nanostructured materials and carbon nanotubes, which can find applications in energy generating and storage systems, such as solar cells, batteries and supercapacitors; and (iii) for treating waste materials. It is demonstrated that the next decade appears to be an exciting period for molten salt electrolysis technologies when many novel processes more efficient in their use of energy and reagents while at the same time reducing the greenhouse gas emissions, should find industrial applications. Finally, problematic issues, challenging, research trends and perspectives for molten salt electrolysis in the above applications are discussed. 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Electrolysis Electrolysis is an electrochemical process in which an electric current is passed through an ionic substance using an electrolytic cell, resulting in non-spontaneous chemical reactions at electrode surfaces. It is commercially very important as a stage in the separation of elements from naturally occurring sources such as ores. The main components required to achieve electrolysis are (i) a liquid or solid containing mobile ions – an electrolyte, (ii) an applied voltage, (iii) an external source of direct current, and (iv) electronically conducting solids or liquids known as electrodes. The electrolytic cell typically consists of a pair of the electrodes (i.e., an anode and a cathode), both immersed in the electrolyte, and the electrolyte contained in a vessel or container, with an external electrical potential applied across the anode and cathode during electrolysis. The mobile ions are the carriers of electrical current in the ionic electrolyte. The externally applied voltage supplies the energy necessary to create or discharge the ions at the electrodes in contact with the electrolyte, where the electric current is carried by electrons in the external circuit. Each electrode attracts ions that are of the opposite charge. Positively- charged ions (cations) move towards the electron-providing (negative) cathode, whereas negatively-charged ions (anions) move towards the positive anode. At the electrodes, electrons are absorbed or released by the atoms and ions. Those atoms that gain or lose electrons to become charged ions pass into the electrolyte whilst those ions that gain or lose electrons to become uncharged atoms and, usually, separate from the electrolyte. Ancillary practical components to achieve electrolysis include vessels to supply, contain, and remove the reactants and products and electrical circuitry. The key process of electrolysis is the interchange of atoms and ions by the removal or addition of electrons from the external circuit, while products of electrolysis are in a different physical state from the electrolyte or electrode materials which can be usually removed by some physical manners. For example, in the electrolysis of Al2O3 dissolved in molten cryolite (Na3AlF6)-based fluoride electrolytes to produce primary aluminium metal in the Hall- Heroult (HH) process [1], the reduced metal is tapped out from the HH cells (HHC).PDF Image | MOLTEN SALT ELECTROLYSIS
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