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6 Xiao Y. Yan and Derek J. Fray It is impossible to cover comprehensively a wide range of molten salt electrolysis which can electrodeposit most, if not all, of the metals of the periodic table. In this review, we will highlight the principles and focus attention on (i) development in the extraction, purification and recycling of metals and materials by fused salt electrowinning and electrorefining, (ii) novel electrolysis processes for processing advanced materials, and (iii) for treating waste materials. 2. CONVENTIONAL FUSED SAL T ELECTROL YSIS 2.1. Fused Salt Electrowinning The electrowinning of metals from their ores dissolved in an electrolyte is probably one of the oldest industrial electrolytic processes. The most basic type of electrowinning cell is schematically shown in figure 1. In fused salt electrowinning, the objective is to obtain the metal in a pure or semi-pure form by electrolytic extraction from a compound of metal dissolved in the molten salt electrolyte composed of solute and solvent. Any molten salt solvent to be used in an electrolytic operation should have the following attributes: (i) low vapour pressure and as low a melting point as possible, (ii) as high electrical conductivity, (iii) a low viscosity, (iv) a large decomposition voltage, (v) as non-corrosive as possible, (vi) readily purified, (vii) non-polluting, and (viii) inexpensive. The cell feed, containing the ions of the metal to be extracted, should be closely related to the original minerals. Ideally, it would be desirable to win the metals directly from their minerals – some partly-successful attempts to achieve this have been made [11] but, frequently, the minerals contain too many impurities to be used directly. Figure 1. Basic electrolytic cell for fused salt electrowinning [3].PDF Image | MOLTEN SALT ELECTROLYSIS
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