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30 Xiao Y. Yan and Derek J. Fray Figure 10. Schematic diagram of the MER process for titanium production [108]. Jiao and Zhu reported novel electrometallurgical process for titanium production by electrolysis of Ti2CO solid solution anode in a NaCl-KCl melt at 800 °C [111, 112]. In their process, titanium from the Ti2CO anode dissolved into the melt as Ti2+ by potentiostatic electrolysis and the dissolved Ti2+ transported to the steel bar cathode where it cathodically deposited to produce highly pure titanium metal with less than 300 ppm oxygen, with a gas of CO being released from the anode. They found that the entire process resembles electrorefining since the cell voltages needed for the reduction to proceed were only 0.8 V, implying low energy consumptions of this electrolytic process. With this Ti2CO anode material, problems associated with generation of residual carbon powder on the top of the electrolyte melt, as encountered with TiO2/C composite anodes, could be resolved. 3.3. Molten Salt Electrolysis for Advanced Materials 3.3.1. Niobium-Based Superconductors Niobium based superconductors, such as niobium titanium and niobium tin, are difficult to make due to the large difference in density and melting points of the constituent elements. Mixing the metallic powders together to form the intermetallics is also expensive. One way around this problem is to reduce the mixed oxides using the FFC-Cambridge Process. The oxides are sintered together and then made the cathode in a bath of a CaCl2 containing melt. On the application of a cathodic potential, the oxides reduce and the individual elements alloy together to produce the superconductors [80, 113]. It should be noted that the oxide powders are significantly cheaper than the individual metals indicating that this might be a viable method to produce these interesting materials.PDF Image | MOLTEN SALT ELECTROLYSIS
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