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Molten Salt Electrolysis for Sustainable Metals Extraction and Materials Processing 35 Figure 11. Schematic of the OS Process for titanium powder production [63]. 5. PERSPECTIVES FOR MOLTEN SALT ELECTROLYSIS TECHNOLOGIES 5.1. Electrowinning and Electrorefining 5.1.1. Discussion of Electrowinning Fused salt electrowinning cells have undergone considerable evolution since the cells of 100 years ago with the overall energy consumption falling to about 1/3rd. However, with existing materials, further improvements are only likely to be incremental in nature. The HHC, in particular, is in need of improved materials for refractories which are inert to cryolite, inert anode materials, and wetted cathode materials. Some progress has been made in this direction but none of the materials which have been developed are entirely satisfactory. Fortunately, there is considerable effort in materials technology and it is likely that novel and improved materials will be developed at an even increasing rate. However, even where inert materials are available, for example, in magnesium and lithium electrowinning, the energy efficiency is still quite low with large anode-to-cathode spacing. The other major disadvantage of fused salt electrowinning cells is the two-dimensional nature of the electrodes which is partially overcome by the bipolar arrangement of electrodes but, even so, the output compared to the equivalent volume of a pyrometallurgical reactor is poor. Much effort has been devoted to utilising the gas evolved at the anode to pump the electrolyte around the cell and, generally, to raise the mass transfer within the cells. However, more is needed in order to be able to reduce the inter-electrode spacing further and it may be necessary to apply other forces, besides gravity, to separate the products of electrolysis. Centrifugal forces are a possibility in that the magnitude of the force can be varied. It has been shown that with simple conical electrodes, the application of a modest centrifugal field permits a considerable reduction in the inter-electrode spacing whilst, at the same time, maintaining a high current efficiency. Some of the work was done using a size of electrodes which might find industrial application in the near future. With careful design, it may be alsoPDF Image | MOLTEN SALT ELECTROLYSIS
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