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8 Xiao Y. Yan and Derek J. Fray 2.2. Fused Salt Electrorefining In an electrorefining cell, the anode consists of an impure form of the metal or alloy to be purified and the cathode is a purer metal, both immersed in an electrolyte containing ions of metal to be purified. A basic design of the electrorefining is schematically shown in figure 2. Electrorefining relies on the difference in the electrode potentials of the elements in the anode to separate metals from their accompanying impurities in just one step, saving time. It may be the least expensive way to purify metals because it is so selective in terms of what it produces, straightforward, and economical. Figure 2. Simple fused salt electrorefining cell [3]. The metal is transferred by electrolysis from an impure anode to a pure cathode with impurities left in the anode residue as metals and dissolved in a molten salt electrolyte as ions. Fused salt electrorefining has considerable promise as a technique for metal refining, with possible advantages over pyrometallurgical and hyrometallurgical techniques. The thermodynamic potential for the electrochemical transfer of an element (X) at a low activity to a high activity is given by the Nernst equation: E = − RT nF (a′′ ) X anode (3) ln where E is the theoretical potential of the cell, and a"X and a'X are the activities of X in the (a'X )cathode anode and cathode, respectively. It is assumed that the activity of the metal at the cathode is unity. In all systems there is going to be more than one element in the anode and the ease by which the elements dissolve is given by the position in the electrochemical series, and the relative position depends, to a certain extent, on the electrolyte system. Table 1 lists standard electrode potentials in a 0.48NaCl–0.52CaCl2 melt at 727 °C against Cl2/Cl- reference electrode, taken from Winter and Strachan [13].PDF Image | Molten salt electrolysis for sustainable metals extraction
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