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10 Xiao Y. Yan and Derek J. Fray valence species may coexist in the electrolyte and this may cause problems during electrorefining, e.g., lowering cathodic current efficiency of the electro-deposition. Thermodynamic potentials for electrowinning are much higher than for electrorefning yet the latter is only applied in limited cases. The fused salt electrowinning differs fundamentally from fused salt electrorefining in that gas is usually produced at the anode. Although the formation of coherent metal is less important in the fused salt electrowinning for metals extraction, it is nevertheless a desirable objective of research to improve the form of the electrowon deposits to avoid deleterious post-electrolysis separations. In order to extend the application of fused salts in the electrowinning and electrorefining of metals, it is necessary to maximise the current density, minimise the voltage drop and greatly increase the area of electrode surface so as to compete with the space-time yield of pyrometallurgical reactions. 2.3. Combined Electrowinning and Electrorefining in Molten Salts It might be possible to carry out carbochlorination of a metal oxide to produce a metal chloride that is soluble in a molten salt electrolyte within the anode part of an electrowinning cell. Unfortunately, carbon frequently introduces impurities in the electrolyte melt leading to an impure cathodic product. One way of alleviating this problem would be to deposit the cathodic metal in a metallic solvent and then refine the metal from the solvent. A design which allows both the electrowinning and electrorefining steps to be carried out in the same cell has been described by Slatin [17], as schematically shown in figure 3. The cell is divided into two compartments by an inert non-conducting barrier that extends from above the fused salt level until a seal is made with the bipolar, liquid metal pool in the bottom. Metal is electrowon into the metal pool on the top of membrane. This metal pool in contact with the electrolyte in the bottom compartment of the cell also acts as an anode and is electrorefined and collected on the bottom of the cell. Apparently, such a system is only possible for metals that are lighter than the electrolyte such as aluminium, magnesium, and lithium. Figure 3. Schematic diagram of combined molten salt electrowinning-electrorefining cell [3, 17].PDF Image | Molten salt electrolysis for sustainable metals extraction
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