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Molten salt electrolysis for sustainable metals extraction

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Molten salt electrolysis for sustainable metals extraction ( molten-salt-electrolysis-sustainable-metals-extraction )

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44 Xiao Y. Yan and Derek J. Fray [59] Cox, A. and Fray, D.J. (2003). Separation of Mg and Mn from beverage can scrap using a recessed-channel cell, J. Electrochem. Soc., 150 (12), pp. D200-D208. [60] Charles, J.A. and Fray, D.J. (1987). Metal separation process, Eur. Pat. Appl. No. 0 264 263 B1, Oct., 14, 1987. [61] Ono, K. Suzuki, R.O. (2002). A new concept for producing Ti sponge: Calciothermic reduction, JOM, Feb., pp. 59-61. [62] Suzuki, R.O., Teranuma, K., and Ono, K. (2003). Calciothermic reduction of titanium oxide and in-situ electrolysis in molten CaCl2, Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 34B, pp. 287- 295. [63] Suzuki, R.O. (2005). Calciothermic reduction of TiO2 and in situ electrolysis of CaO in the molten CaCl2, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 66, pp. 461-465. [64] Suzuki, R.O., Tatemoto, K., and Kitagawa, H. (2004). Direct synthesis of the hydrogen storage V-Ti alloy powder from the oxides by calcium co-reduction, J. Alloys Compd., 385, pp. 173-180. [65] Fray, D.J., Farthing, T.W., and Chen, Z. (1999). Removal of oxygen from metal oxides and solid solutions by electrolysis in a fused salt, Inter. Pub. No. WO 99/64638, Dec. 16, 1999. [66] Chen, G.Z., Fray, D.J., and Farthing, T.W. (2000). Direct electrochemical reduction of titanium dioxide to titanium in molten calcium chloride, Nature, 407, pp. 361-364. [67] Fray, D.J. (2000). Aspects of technology transfer, Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 31B, pp. 1153-1162. [68] Fray, D.J. (2001). Emerging molten salt technologies for metals production, JOM, Oct., pp. 26-31. [69] Fray, D.J. (2002). Anodic and cathodic reactions in molten calcium chloride, Can. Metall. Quarterly, 41 (4), pp. 433-440. [70] Schwandt, C. and Fray, D.J. (2005). Determination of the kinetic pathway in the electrochemical reduction of titanium dioxide in molten calcium chloride, Electrochimica Acta, 51, pp. 66-76. [71] Fray, D.J. and Chen, G.Z. (2004). Reduction of titanium and other metal oxides using electrodeoxidation, Mater. Sci. Tech., 20, pp. 295-300. [72] Barnett, R., Kilby, K.T., and Fray, D.J. (2009). Reduction of tatanlum pentoxide using graphite and tin-oxide-based anodes via the FFC-Cambridge Process, Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 40B, pp. 150-157. [73] Yan, X.Y. and Fray, D.J. (2002). Production of niobium powder by direct electrochemical reduction of solid Nb2O5 in a eutectic CaCl2-NaCl melt, Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 33B, pp. 685-693. [74] Yan, X.Y. and Fray, D.J. (2003). Using electro-deoxidation to synthesize niobium sponge from solid Nb2O5 in alkali-alkaline-earth metal chloride melts, J. Mater. Res., 18, pp. 346- 356. [75] Yan, X.Y. and Fray, D.J. (2005). Electrochemical studies of reduction of solid Nb2O5 in molten CaCl2-NaCl eutectic. Part I. Factors affecting electrodeoxidation of solid Nb2O5 to niobium, J. Electrochem. Soc., 152, pp. D12-D21. [76] Yan, X.Y. and Fray, D.J. (2005). Electrochemical studies of reduction of solid Nb2O5 in molten CaCl2-NaCl eutectic. Part II. Cathodic processes in electrodeoxidation of solid Nb2O5, J. Electrochem. Soc., 152, pp. E308-E318.

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