Molten salt electrolysis for sustainable metals extraction

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46 Xiao Y. Yan and Derek J. Fray [94] Fray, D.J. (2005). Innovations in the electrochemical production of materials using molten salts, 7th International Symposium on Molten Salts Chemistry & Technology, 1, Toulouse, France, 29 August–2 September, pp. 81-87. [95] Fray, D.J. (2006). Use of thermodynamics and electrochemistry in understanding novel molten salt electrochemical processes, 16th Iketani Conf.: Electrochemistry and Thermodynamics on Materials Processing for Sustainable Production, Masuko Symposium, Proceedings of the 16th Iketani Conf., Yamaguchi, S., ed., The 16th Iketani Conf. Organisation Committee, Tokyo, Nov. 13-15, pp. 269-284. [96] Fray, D. (2008). Sustainable production of metals and materials – can molten salts contribute?, Euchem 2008 Conf. on Molten Salts Ionic Liquids, Copenhagen, Denmark, August 24-29, pp. 7-8. [97] Cox, A. and Fray, D.J. (2002). Production of aluminium, magnesium and aluminium- magnesium alloys by direct electrochemical reduction of their solid oxides, Molten Salts XIII, Proceedings of inter. Symposium, 2002-19, Trulove, P.C., De Long, H.C., Mantz, R.A., Stafford, G.R., and Matsunaga, M., ed., The Electrochemical Society, Pennington, NJ, pp. 745-757. [98] Yan, X.Y. and Fray, D.J. (2009). Direct electrolytic reduction of solid alumina using molten calcium chloride-alkali chloride electrolytes, J. Appl. Electrochem., 39 (8), pp. 1349-1360. [99] Yan, X.Y. and Fray, D.J. (2007). Fused salt electrolytic reduction of solid oxides and oxide mixtures for green production of metals and alloys, Trans. IMM. C, 116 (1), pp. 17-24. [100]Withers, J.C. and Upperman, G.V. (1982). Electrolytic cell for the production of aluminium, U.S. Pat. 4,338,177, Jul. 6, 1982. [101] Upperman, G.V. and Withers, J.C. (1983). Cell with composite anode for electrolytic production of magnesium, U.S. Pat. 4,409,083, Oct. 11, 1983. [102]Beck, T.R., Withers, J.C., and Loutfy, R.O. (1986). Composite-anode aluminium reduction technology, Light Metals 1986, edited by Miller, R.E., TMS-AIME, The Metallurgical Society, Warrendale, Pa., USA, pp. 261-266. [103]Withers, J.C. and Loutfy, R.O. (1986). Composite anode magnesium reduction technology, Light Metals 1986, edited by Miller, R.E., TMS-AIME, The Metallurgical Society, Warrendale, Pa., USA, pp. 1013-1017. [104] Ratvik, A.P., Laher, T.M., and Mamantov, G. (1987). Studies of composite anodes for the production of magnesium and aluminium, J. Electrochem. Soc., 134 (2), pp. 321- 327. [105]Balaraju, J.N., Ananth, V, and Sen, U. (1995). Studies on low temperature Al electrolysis using composite anodes in NaF-KCl bath electrolyte, J. Electrochem. Soc., 143 (2), pp. 439-444. [106] Inman, D. and White, S.H. (1977). Production of refractory metals by electrolysis of molten salts: design factors and limitations, Molten Salt Electrolysis in Metal Production, IMM, London, pp. 51-61. [107] Cartwright, B., Mechels, L.R., and Ravitz, S.F. (1945). Electrolysis of magnesium into liquid cathodes from magnesium oxide-carbon suspensions in molten chlorides, US Bureau of Mines, Report of Investigations No. 3805. [108] Withers, J. C. and Loutfy, R.O. (2005). Thermal and electrochemical process for metal production, Inter. Pub. No. WO 2005/019501 A2, March 3, 2005.

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