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power output fluctuation by absorbing their fluctuations. As a smoothing method, the actual wind power output was passed through a low-pass filter characterized by a given 500 400 Wind power generation Battery capacity Combination (wind power generation + RF battery) 100 RF battery 50 0 300 time constant, and short-period components were thus re- 200 moved. The obtained output value was set as the reference. 100 An output equal to the difference between this reference Discharge 0 and the actual wind power output was delivered from the Charge battery. The output combining the battery output and the -100 actual wind power output was sent to the power system. -200 Wind power generation output・ G Combined output Charge AC/DC — converter RF battery Example of Wind Power Output Smoothing Characteristics (All Day) (Time Constant: 1 h, May 22, 2001) -300 Fig. 6. 2:00 4:00 6:00 8:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 20:00 22:00 0:00 Time • Wind power generation rating: 275 kW • RF battery rating: 170 kW × 6 h 0:00 Discharge ~ RF battery system remaining battery capacity. (b) Application to wind farm power generation As part of a NEDO project entitled the “Development of Technologies for Stabilization of Wind Power in Power Systems(34),” the Electric Power Development Co., Ltd. (J- Power) built an RF battery system (rated output: AC 4,000 kW/6,000 kWh, maximum output: 6,000 kW) as an annex to Hokkaido Tomamae Wind Villa Power Plant (output: 30,600 kW, wind power generators: 19 units, start of oper- ation: December 2000) in fiscal 2003, to test and verify wind power output fluctuation smoothing(35)–(40). Photo 5 and 6 show the battery cubicles, cell stacks, electrolyte tanks, and piping. This system consists of four banks, each of which comprising four modules. Each mod- ule includes electrolyte tanks (15 m3 each for a positive and a negative electrolyte), six cell stacks, and one heat ex- changer. Each cell stack in turn includes six sub stacks each consisting of 18 cells, totaling 108 cells. The rated DC out- put per cell stack is 45 kW. In each bank, cell stacks are connected with six in parallel and four in series, and the rated DC output per bank is 1,000 kW (maximum 1,500 kW). This system aims at short-period output fluctuation smoothing (a few seconds to less than ten minutes). The smoothing method is basically the same as that for the sin- gle unit wind power generator described previously. The combined output is the sum of the wind farm output and Photo 5. 6 MW RF Battery Annexed to Wind Farm (Battery Cubicle and Cell Stack) Fig. 4. Basic Configuration of RF Battery System Combined with Wind Power Generator Figure 5 shows an example of data obtained when the smoothing time constant is one hour. While wind power output fluctuates little by little in the order of seconds, the combined output sent to the power system is favorably smoothed. Figure 6 shows the output data of one day, which was obtained with the smoothing time constant set to one hour(33). The changes in the remaining battery capacity during the period are also shown in the space at the bottom of the diagram. The larger the time constant, the better the smoothing level of the output fluctuation. However, the battery output needs to be larger when the time constant is greater, and thus a greater battery capacity is necessary. The remaining battery capacity shown in the diagram is calculated based on the data of the electrolyte potential monitor cell, obtained by using the advantage of the RF battery, which enables the online monitoring of the 500 400 300 200 100 Discharge 0 Charge -100 -200 Wind power generation Combination (wind power generation + RF battery) RF battery Output (kW) Battery capacity (%) Output (kW) 2:00 2:02 2:04 2:06 2:08 2:10 2:12 2:14 2:16 2:18 2:20 2:22 2:24 2:26 2:28 2:30 Time • Wind power generation rating: 275 kW • RF battery rating: 170 kW × 6 h Fig. 5. Example of Wind Power Output Smoothing Characteristics (Time Constant: 1 h, May 22, 2001) 10 · Redox Flow Battery for Energy StoragePDF Image | Redox Flow Battery for Energy Storage
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